Neither coke nor soy. The forest is not touched | Ni coca ni soya. El bosque no se toca

H.C.F. Mansilla, Los Tiempos:

This slogan, chanted in a modest public demonstration on October 25, 2023 by urban youth groups, represents one of the few testimonies of sociopolitical rationality that has been heard in recent times. The expression refers equally to traditional peasant groups and modern private entrepreneurs as those responsible for forest fires. Irrationality—the country’s collective mentality—expands and affects almost all social sectors. This makes any serious initiative to avoid ecological disasters in Bolivia very difficult.

Mass education, the majority of the media and family practices are not favorable to rational regulations, such as the consideration of the long term, the protection of the environment, pluralistic democracy, the effective validity of human rights, the fight against corruption and public discussion of programmatic options.

The vast majority of the Bolivian nation is, of course, not an explicit supporter of forest fires or authoritarianism in socio-political life. But implicitly the general mentality of Bolivian society is not favorable to the preservation of the environment nor to a pluralistic democracy. The pro-ecological potential, therefore, remains very low, because disinterest in the long term, disdain for political rationalism and the cult of collective feelings and emotions remain predominant. This is clearly perceived in the lack of understanding of abstract concepts such as the conservation of the tropical forest so that in the future, that is, in the long term, it continues to be a strong determinant of atmospheric humidity and oxygen.

Some details of this topic can be clarified by mentioning recurring phenomena in the Andean region. Next to the grandeur of the landscape of the high mountains is the flatness of human work: the majestic mountain range as a backdrop and the plastic garbage announcing the proximity of urban settlements. The most serious thing lies in the fact that no one is aware of this realm of ugliness: neither the social movements, nor the political parties, nor the progressive intellectuals, nor the small liberal groups that have emerged lately.

The majority of Bolivians, regardless of their geographical, social or ethnic origin, are routine and conventional in their daily life and in their values orientation, but they are not conservationists in the ecological sense: they do not take convenient and effective care of the vulnerable soils. and landscapes and rather devotes itself to destroying nature.

Almost all social groups contribute, sometimes without suspecting it, to a true environmental catastrophe. They try, for example, to expand the agricultural frontier by burning the vegetation cover in tropical regions, which according to them means bringing progress to the jungle. For several years now, immense fires have been occurring in eastern Bolivia, burning millions of hectares annually. Almost no one cares. For example: no political party, no Indianist intellectual, no indigenous organization, no representation of peasant interests, but also no university institution and no business union, shows indignation or initiates a slight protest at this phenomenon, induced by the hand of human beings to expand the agricultural frontier.

The general result that can be verified empirically is deplorable: forests burned, surfaces cleared, land eroded. In a word: the death of nature lurking at every step. Prosperous businessmen and modest workers are equally responsible for this disaster. Disaster? In reality, everyone is happy—except for some marginal farmers directly affected by the fire and some sensitive people in urban centers—because now the land can be used much more profitably and easily. Everywhere a surface cleared by fire is economically much more valuable than one still covered by uncomfortable jungle.

In the specific case of tropical soils, the following can be stated, for which I base myself on works that have appeared in the last four decades, works that have not lost their explanatory effectiveness and that very early pointed out the seriousness of the ecological situation. In Peru and Bolivia we must mention the peasants dedicated to the cultivation of coca and the production of cocaine, who contribute on a large scale to the expansion of the agricultural frontier. Other sectors, such as colonizers, farmers, ranchers, soybeans, timber businessmen, subsistence workers and searchers for gold and valuable minerals in tropical rivers, also do their part in reducing forests in the lowlands. In short: it is difficult to find a social sector that does not lend its help to the progressive elimination of tropical forests.

The ecological crisis also affects colonizers from highlands who try to find a new existence in the humid areas of the Amazon. According to the very early testimony of Wagner Terrazas Urquidi (1973), tropical soils are highly vulnerable because they generally contain a very thin and fragile layer of humus, which deteriorates irretrievably after the original plant cover is destroyed. Faced with the relatively rapid depletion of the productivity of tropical soils and the emergence of eroded surfaces, colonizers, coca growers, soybean growers and loggers, among other sectors, are forced to constantly search for new cultivation areas and to constantly expand the agricultural frontier.

Soon and in the face of public indifference, the rainforest will be a mere literary memory.

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