La Amazonía boliviana está ardiendo | Bolivia’s Amazon is burning

Boston Globe:

Una vez fue sumidero de gases de efecto invernadero, la selva tropical, convertida en tierras de cultivo por la agricultura de tala y quema, se está convirtiendo rápidamente en una fuente para ellos.

Por Maja Prijatelj Videmšek y Matjaž Krivic

A portion of forest burns on the land rented by Mennonites near Concepción in eastern Bolivia. Fires account for a third of forest loss per year in the country. Burns for agricultural purposes are legal. Big landowners seeking to clear land for other uses besides agriculture are not deterred by fines of $200 per thousand acres burned.
Una porción de bosque arde en la tierra arrendada por los menonitas cerca de Concepción en el este de Bolivia. Los incendios representan un tercio de la pérdida de bosques por año en el país. Las quemas con fines agrícolas son legales. Los grandes terratenientes que buscan despejar la tierra para otros usos además de la agricultura no se ven disuadidos por multas de $200 por cada mil acres quemados. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Los bosques tropicales de Bolivia están siendo destruidos a un ritmo superado solo por los vecinos Brasil y la República Democrática del Congo. Entre 1976 y 2021, Bolivia perdió el 14 por ciento de sus bosques, o mas de 21 millones de acres. Eso significa que en menos de medio siglo, Bolivia ha perdido una franja de exuberante bosque casi del tamaño de Austria. Solo en 2022, Bolivia perdió más de 952,000 acres de bosque primario tropical, una extensión casi del tamaño de Rhode Island.

Deforested land used for soy cultivation abuts forest in San Ignacio de Velasco. In parts of Bolivia, deforestation is transforming forests into savannas, reducing access to water and, with extended periods of drought, accelerating the warming effects of climate change. Since 1939, the average air temperature in Bolivia has increased by more than a degree Celsius. In regions with the highest deforestation rate, the average air temperature has increased by 2-3 degrees Celsius.
La tierra deforestada utilizada para el cultivo de soya colinda con el bosque en San Ignacio de Velasco. En partes de Bolivia, la deforestación está transformando los bosques en sabanas, reduciendo el acceso al agua y, con períodos prolongados de sequía, acelerando los efectos de calentamiento del cambio climático. Desde 1939, la temperatura promedio del aire en Bolivia ha aumentado en más de un grado centígrado. En las regiones con la tasa de deforestación más alta, la temperatura promedio del aire ha aumentado entre 2 y 3 grados centígrados. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

¿Qué está impulsando la deforestación? Un alejamiento del antiguo pilar económico de Bolivia, la exportación de petróleo y gas natural, y un enfoque renovado en la agricultura que comenzó en 2015 bajo el entonces presidente Evo Morales, el primer presidente indígena del país. [INCORRECTO abra este link] El gobierno de Morales emitió un decreto que permite la tala de 20 hectáreas de bosque en pequeñas parcelas sin permisos para aumentar la seguridad alimentaria en el país. También aprobó leyes que fomentaron la expansión de la frontera agrícola de Bolivia. Un ejemplo: una ley de 2019 que autoriza la tala y quema controlada de bosques en propiedad privada y tierras comunitarias.

A vaquero, or cowboy, takes his cows home to his ranch near Concepción. More cattle means more fires, less forest and water, land degradation, reduced biodiversity, and accelerated climate change.
Un vaquero lleva sus vacas a su rancho cerca de Concepción. Más ganado significa más incendios, menos bosques y agua, degradación de la tierra, reducción de la biodiversidad y cambio climático acelerado. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

“Gran parte de los bosques bolivianos eran propiedad del Estado”, dice Gonzalo Colque, director ejecutivo de Fundación Tierra, una organización no gubernamental que se enfoca en el desarrollo rural sostenible y la asistencia a las poblaciones indígenas y campesinas de Bolivia. Pero grandes extensiones de bosque, dice Colque, “ahora son propiedad de actores privados: empresarios, agricultores y también personas con vínculos con el gobierno que hacen una fortuna vendiendo tierras de propiedad estatal”.

The scars of deforestation near San Jose de Chiquitos. In recent years, machine clearing of forests has drastically increased, supported by legislation facilitating heavily subsidized fuel, funds for agricultural technology, and corruption among local politicians and state officials.
Las cicatrices de la deforestación cerca de San José de Chiquitos. En los últimos años, la tala de bosques con maquinaria ha aumentado drásticamente, respaldada por la legislación que facilita combustible fuertemente subsidiado, fondos para tecnología agrícola y corrupción entre los políticos locales y los funcionarios estatales. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

De hecho, las corporaciones, que representan apenas el 4 por ciento de los propietarios de tierras rurales, poseen aproximadamente el 36 por ciento de todas las parcelas deforestadas. Algunos han asegurado sus tierras sobornando a políticos y funcionarios estatales.

La especulación es desenfrenada. Las tierras agrícolas bolivianas son las más baratas de la región. Mientras que una hectárea, aproximadamente 2,5 acres, puede costar hasta $11,000 en Brasil, la misma superficie rara vez cuesta más de $3,000 en Bolivia. Las parcelas de bosques de propiedad estatal compradas por entre $70 y $160 por hectárea se pueden cambiar después de solo un par de años por hasta $1,800 por hectárea. Solo el tráfico de drogas ilícitas de Bolivia es más lucrativo.

A grain silo building site in San Ignacio de Velasco. In the last two decades, the rate of primary forest loss in Bolivia has roughly doubled.
Sitio de construcción de un silo de granos en San Ignacio de Velasco. En las últimas dos décadas, la tasa de pérdida de bosques primarios en Bolivia se ha duplicado aproximadamente. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Al igual que en Brasil, el motor de la deforestación en Bolivia es la expansión de la ganadería y el cultivo de soya. Alrededor del 80 por ciento del ganado boliviano se cría para el consumo interno; el resto se exporta, principalmente a China. Para 2025, el gobierno planea duplicar sus explotaciones ganaderas de 11 millones a 22 millones de animales y triplicar la cantidad de tierra cultivada de 10 millones a 32 millones de acres.

Hundreds of cattle on a ranch near Concepción.
Cientos de cabezas de ganado en un rancho cerca de Concepción. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Los bosques de Bolivia están siendo quemados y talados no solo por corporaciones sino también por dos grupos de agricultores. Los primeros son los interculturales, colonos de las regiones montañosas de Bolivia. El segundo son los menonitas, comunidades cristianas ultraconservadoras de ascendencia europea que comenzaron a instalarse en Bolivia en la década de 1950 en busca de libertad religiosa, aislamiento y tierra. Hoy su población ronda los 150.000 habitantes.

Abraham Giesbrecht Braun's children pose on the family's carriage in Steinbach Colony.
Los hijos de Abraham Giesbrecht Braun posan en el carruaje de la familia en Steinbach Colony. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Los incendios, que a menudo saltan sus fronteras, están agravando una crisis ecológica de sequía y temperaturas elevadas. “La gente no se da cuenta que mientras más árboles talen, más choques térmicos y enfermedades habrá”, dice Oswaldo Maillard, de la Fundación para la Conservación del Bosque Chiquitano. “Las comunidades locales están sufriendo la degradación del suelo, la contaminación del agua y el aire, y también la pérdida de la biodiversidad”.

View of deforested land in eastern Bolivia. After Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bolivia has the third-highest deforestation rate of primary tropical forests. The country ranks 12th worldwide in biodiversity, but it is rapidly losing its animal and plant species.
Vista de tierras deforestadas en el este de Bolivia. Después de Brasil y la República Democrática del Congo, Bolivia tiene la tercera tasa más alta de deforestación de bosques tropicales primarios. El país ocupa el puesto 12 a nivel mundial en biodiversidad, pero está perdiendo rápidamente sus especies animales y vegetales. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

El Amazonas, hasta ahora un sumidero de gases de efecto invernadero, está siendo deforestado hasta el punto en que su suelo despojado pronto puede contribuir al cambio climático. Brasil ha destruido el 34 por ciento de sus bosques tropicales. A menos que el gobierno de Bolivia deje de promover tierras baratas para la agricultura, Bolivia hará lo mismo.

Maja Prijatelj Videmšek es periodista en el diario más grande de Eslovenia, DELO. Matjaž Krivic es un fotógrafo documental de Eslovenia.

Once a sink for greenhouse gases, the rainforest, converted to farmland by slash-and-burn agriculture, is fast becoming a source of them.

By Maja Prijatelj Videmšek and Matjaž Krivic

A portion of forest burns on the land rented by Mennonites near Concepción in eastern Bolivia. Fires account for a third of forest loss per year in the country. Burns for agricultural purposes are legal. Big landowners seeking to clear land for other uses besides agriculture are not deterred by fines of $200 per thousand acres burned.
A portion of forest burns on the land rented by Mennonites near Concepción in eastern Bolivia. Fires account for a third of forest loss per year in the country. Burns for agricultural purposes are legal. Big landowners seeking to clear land for other uses besides agriculture are not deterred by fines of $200 per thousand acres burned. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Bolivia’s tropical forests are being destroyed at a rate surpassed only in neighboring Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Between 1976 and 2021, Bolivia lost 14 percent of its forests, or more than 21 million acres. That means that in less than half a century, Bolivia has lost a swath of lush forest nearly the size of Austria. In 2022 alone, Bolivia lost more than 952,000 acres of tropical primary forest — an expanse nearly the size of Rhode Island.

Deforested land used for soy cultivation abuts forest in San Ignacio de Velasco. In parts of Bolivia, deforestation is transforming forests into savannas, reducing access to water and, with extended periods of drought, accelerating the warming effects of climate change. Since 1939, the average air temperature in Bolivia has increased by more than a degree Celsius. In regions with the highest deforestation rate, the average air temperature has increased by 2-3 degrees Celsius.
Deforested land used for soy cultivation abuts forest in San Ignacio de Velasco. In parts of Bolivia, deforestation is transforming forests into savannas, reducing access to water and, with extended periods of drought, accelerating the warming effects of climate change. Since 1939, the average air temperature in Bolivia has increased by more than a degree Celsius. In regions with the highest deforestation rate, the average air temperature has increased by 2-3 degrees Celsius. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

What is driving the deforestation? A turn away from Bolivia’s erstwhile economic mainstay — the export of oil and natural gas — and a renewed focus on agriculture that began in 2015 under then-president Evo Morales, the country’s first indigenous president. [WRONG open this link] Morales’s government issued a decree allowing the clearing of 20 hectares of forest on small plots without permits to increase food security in the country. It also passed laws that fostered the expansion of Bolivia’s agricultural frontier. One example: A 2019 law authorizing the cutting and controlled burning of forests on private property and community-owned land.

A vaquero, or cowboy, takes his cows home to his ranch near Concepción. More cattle means more fires, less forest and water, land degradation, reduced biodiversity, and accelerated climate change.
A vaquero, or cowboy, takes his cows home to his ranch near Concepción. More cattle means more fires, less forest and water, land degradation, reduced biodiversity, and accelerated climate change. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

“A large part of Bolivian forests used to be owned by the state,” says Gonzalo Colque, executive director of Fundación Tierra,a nongovernmental organization that focuses on sustainable rural development and assistance to indigenous and small-scale farming populations in Bolivia. But huge swaths of forest, Colque says, “are now owned by private actors — entrepreneurs, farmers, and also people with links to the government who make a fortune by selling state-owned land.”

The scars of deforestation near San Jose de Chiquitos. In recent years, machine clearing of forests has drastically increased, supported by legislation facilitating heavily subsidized fuel, funds for agricultural technology, and corruption among local politicians and state officials.
The scars of deforestation near San Jose de Chiquitos. In recent years, machine clearing of forests has drastically increased, supported by legislation facilitating heavily subsidized fuel, funds for agricultural technology, and corruption among local politicians and state officials. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Indeed, corporations, which represent a mere 4 percent of rural land owners, own approximately 36 percent of all deforested plots. Some have secured their land by bribing politicians and state officials.

Speculation is rampant. Bolivian farmland is the cheapest in the region. While a hectare — roughly 2.5 acres — can cost up to $11,000 in Brazil, the same acreage rarely goes for more than $3,000 in Bolivia. Plots of state-owned forests bought for between $70 and $160 per hectare can be flipped after just a couple of years for up to $1,800per hectare. Only Bolivia’s illicit drug trade is more lucrative.

A grain silo building site in San Ignacio de Velasco. In the last two decades, the rate of primary forest loss in Bolivia has roughly doubled.
A grain silo building site in San Ignacio de Velasco. In the last two decades, the rate of primary forest loss in Bolivia has roughly doubled. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

As in Brazil, the driving force behind Bolivia’s deforestation is the expansion of cattle ranching and soy cultivation. Some 80 percent of Bolivian cattle are raised for domestic consumption; the rest are exported, mainlyto China. By 2025, the government plans to double its cattle holdings from 11 million to 22 million animals and to triple the amount of cultivated land from 10 million to 32 million acres.

Hundreds of cattle on a ranch near Concepción.
Hundreds of cattle on a ranch near Concepción. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Bolivia’s forests are being burned and clearednot only by corporations butalsoby two groups of farmers. The first are the interculturales — settlers from Bolivia’s mountainous regions. The second are Mennonites, ultraconservative Christian communities of European descent that began settling in Bolivia in the 1950s, searching for religious freedom, isolation, and land. Today their population numbers around 150,000.

Abraham Giesbrecht Braun's children pose on the family's carriage in Steinbach Colony.
Abraham Giesbrecht Braun’s children pose on the family’s carriage in Steinbach Colony. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

Fires, which often jump their borders, are compounding an ecological crisis of drought and soaring temperatures. “People don’t realize that the more trees they chop down, the more thermic shocks and diseases there will be,” says Oswaldo Maillard, from the Foundation for the Conservation of the Chiquitano Forest. “The local communities are suffering from soil degradation, water and air contamination, and from the loss of biodiversity as well.”

View of deforested land in eastern Bolivia. After Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bolivia has the third-highest deforestation rate of primary tropical forests. The country ranks 12th worldwide in biodiversity, but it is rapidly losing its animal and plant species.
View of deforested land in eastern Bolivia. After Brazil and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bolivia has the third-highest deforestation rate of primary tropical forests. The country ranks 12th worldwide in biodiversity, but it is rapidly losing its animal and plant species. MATJAŽ KRIVIC

The Amazon, heretofore a sink for greenhouse gases, is being deforested to the point where its denuded ground may soon contribute to climate change. Brazil has destroyed 34 percent of its rainforests. Unless Bolivia’s government pulls back from pushing cheap land for agriculture, Bolivia will follow suit.

Maja Prijatelj Videmšek is a journalist at Slovenia’s biggest daily newspaper, DELO. Matjaž Krivic is a documentary photographer from Slovenia.

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/07/17/opinion/bolivias-amazon-is-burning/

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