Bolivia facing the collapse of the myth of the coca leaf | Bolivia ante el derrumbe del mito de la hoja de coca

By Javier Viscarra, El Dia:

Bolivia is witnessing an uncomfortable, almost inevitable moment in which the old myth of the coca leaf is beginning to crack. A few decades ago the idea was nurtured that merely repeating “coca is not cocaine” would earn international indulgence and domestic permissiveness. However, reality has become louder than any slogan.

Multilateral organizations keep the coca leaf on Schedule I of narcotics, and the recent decision of the World Health Organization confirms there will be no shift allowing it to be treated as a plant with curative or nutritional properties. This finding arrives at the worst possible moment, precisely when Bolivia urgently needs to build a comprehensive strategy against transnational organized crime.

Recent history shows that the country has had moments of discipline and others of excessive laxity. In the 1990s illegal crops were significantly reduced, although Alternative Development never reached the scale or sustainability required. [Bolivian Thoughts opinion: Since the 1980s, every Bolivian government has failed to dismantle the land-ownership system in the Chapare, where coca-growers’ unions control territory and force farmers to reject alternative-development programs under threat of losing their plots. This structural grip, combined with the Chapare’s status as a radar-free zone that allows traffickers to come and go freely, and the unchecked flow of chemical precursors that cross the country and reach cocaine labs without interference, has made real progress impossible. Had these problems—union land control, radar-free skies, and unrestricted precursors—been confronted, alternative development could have produced far better results. To this, the coca-growers’ unions that dominate the MAS party and have governed for over two decades add road blockades that paralyze legal, sustainable production such as pineapples, bananas, and other crops, deepening the region’s reliance on the illicit economy and exposing the entrenched narco structure Bolivia must finally confront.]

Despite that, there remained a certain clarity about the difference between protecting traditional uses and the obligation to contain the advance of drug trafficking.

Over time, that line was erased until it became a confusing terrain. The official discourse clung to cultural epic, while protected areas were overrun and surplus crops grew; the production of coca paste and the presence of criminal organizations became increasingly visible.

The coca leaf has a deep root in Bolivian and Andean identity. Its chewing, whether in the highlands of the west or in the practice known as boleo in the lowlands, is part of the social fabric of many communities. Bolivia defended that tradition against a rigid international regime that for years prohibited acullicu.

In 2011, recklessly, the country denounced the 1961 UN Convention on Narcotic Drugs, only to rejoin a year later with a reservation to the ban on chewing. It was an unprecedented maneuver that sought to harmonize international rules with local tradition. That move was presented as a cultural triumph, although its legal reach was more limited than was admitted.

In parallel the idea was pushed that the coca leaf should be removed from the most severe classification in Vienna. That objective became foreign policy, an ideological banner and an excuse to sustain crops that, in theory, would respond to an ever-growing internal demand and even planted the notion that a large international market for coca-derived products could be opened.

However, the scientific evidence presented in the recent evaluation was insufficient. The WHO reaffirmed that the plant, because of its ease of processing and the magnitude of the illicit market, continues to represent a risk that cannot be ignored. MAS’s diplomatic attempt failed and exposed that the cultural narrative cannot replace technical analysis.

The reality on the ground is even more worrying. The increase in coca production far exceeds what could be destined for traditional consumption. The Chapare crops, furthermore, are not suitable for that use because of their strong alkaloid content and thick leaf. Their expansion, which surpasses the limits that the previous government conveniently set in law, points in only one direction. The manufacture of coca paste and pure cocaine has diversified, and police reports record the presence of foreign operators, particularly members of Brazil’s PCC, among other organizations, even from refined extra-continental mafias. This advance occurs while the country has again been decertified by the United States and has entered European lists of high-risk nations for money laundering and illicit financing.

The panorama forces a candid debate. The collapse of the myth does not imply renouncing the legitimate defense of cultural tradition, but it requires rigorously separating identity from political convenience and the dark interest of the narco. Bolivia needs a new approach that combines effective control, international cooperation and realistic development policies. The country cannot confront organized crime with symbolic speeches nor with indulgences that no one grants anymore.

The coca leaf will remain part of Bolivian history. What cannot continue is the rhetorical refuge that prevents seeing the magnitude of the challenge the State must face against criminal networks that ceased to be local long ago.

Javier Viscarra is a lawyer, journalist and diplomat.

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