“Charcoal pirates” cut down and burn valuable wood species from the Chiquitano forest in Santa Cruz | “Piratas del carbón” talan y queman valiosas especies madereras del bosque chiquitano en Santa Cruz

By Paulo Lizarraga, Vision 360:

There are more than 500 ovens built in rural settlements

This activity, according to the Municipality of San Rafael de Velasco and indigenous chiefs, is carried out at the expense of the destruction of the Chiquitano dry forest.

Vista de uno de los hornos artesanales en los que queman maderas finas para hacer carbón. Fotos: Paulo Lizárraga / Visión 360

View of one of the artisanal ovens where fine woods are burned to make charcoal. Photos: Paulo Lizárraga / Visión 360

Precious and semi-precious wood species from the Chiquitano dry forest are reduced to mere charcoal for trade. These woods, cut into logs, are placed in ovens built by intercultural communities settled in various parts of San Rafael de Velasco, a municipality in the department of Santa Cruz.

“They’re burning our forests to make barbecue. They’re exporting charcoal from forests where the wood is precious or semi-precious,” complains the mayor of San Rafael de Velasco, Humberto Jorge Vargas. 

Explains that over 500 ovens have been built in this area, most operating without authorization, in secrecy. According to the authority, this activity—referred to as “charcoal piracy”—has become one of the main ways for settlers to generate income. However, these earnings end up in private pockets, providing no benefits to the municipality and damaging the environment.

“Obviously, no income is generated, and it’s even worse when it’s illegal. Smuggling doesn’t bring foreign currency to the country, and charcoal and forest resource piracy doesn’t benefit national governments either,” Vargas explains.

San Rafael de Velasco is located 544 kilometers from the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, just over seven hours away by car. It was one of the most important settlements during colonial times and the second town founded by the Jesuit Order in Bolivia.

It’s composed of 22 communities. In recent years, part of this territory has been occupied by multiple rural settlements, whose main economic activities are tied directly to charcoal trade.

This activity, according to the Municipality of San Rafael de Velasco and indigenous leaders, is carried out at the expense of the Chiquitano dry forest, the largest in South America. This area is “home to valuable timber species like cedar, oak, ipe, and morado wood.” This characteristic has now become one of its main threats.

“We have morado, precious by excellence; we have tajibo, oak, cedar, curupaú, soto, sirari, and cuchi—all are precious and semi-precious woods, harvestable,” Vargas explains. 

One of the ovens, where large logs are burned.

In San Rafael de Velasco, Visión 360 toured indigenous and farming communities such as Santa Teresita del Surutú and Pradera del Surutú. It documented the severe damage caused by months of relentless fires, along with the silent, uncontrolled activity of “carbon pirates.”

The red Chiquitano soil turns black and white due to erosion from burning, and ashes from vegetation and trees are scattered along the path.

In addition to being evidence of devastating fires, the ashes also serve as proof of the destruction of trees such as oak, cedar, curupay, and mainly morado, among others.

In Pradera del Surutú, Don Julio Egüez Aguilera, the great chief of the Association of Indigenous Communities of San Rafael de Velasco, explains that some tree species used for charcoal production, like morado, are now endangered. He asserts that they could be an economic resource in another way.

A view of the Chiquitano dry forest after the fires.

“Endangered species include the morado; unfortunately, the other day, we discovered in the community I mentioned, they were preparing this species as material for making charcoal, when this wood could instead be used by our artisans and turned into economic resources in other ways,” says Egüez.

Alejandro Vaca Díez, chief of the Santa Teresita del Surutú community, recalls that just 10 years ago, the Chiquitano forest “was still intact,” and now all the wood extracted goes toward charcoal production.

“The forest was still intact. It’s different now; if you go further into the woods, there’s nothing left—they clear everything for charcoal. Some communities only focus on this. They cut down everything: curupaú, quebracho, all types of wood; they don’t care about the type, as long as it can be used for charcoal,” Vaca Díez laments.

Amid these memories, the chief, visibly upset, firmly asserts that those who start the fires and profit from the charcoal sales “are interculturales, campesino communities aligned with the government.” “They don’t need permits for clearing,” he denounces.

San Rafael de Velasco and its communities primarily engage in cattle ranching, according to local authorities. However, due to recent forest fires, the town has suffered significant losses and damage. 

A log left inside one of the kilns.

Furthermore, every day, residents of this municipality watch helplessly as trucks filled with charcoal leave. It seems this material is being sold in the eastern capital.

The Kilns and the “Pirates”

Built in an artisanal way, with bricks and some wooden beams, and shaped like domes. This is how the kilns were constructed, where precious and semi-precious woods are burned to be sold as charcoal.

Inside the kilns, there are trench-like grooves on the ground and a central hole, through which the fire is lit from outside these brick domes.

“Just like this kiln, there are a series of kilns throughout the forest, in different communities. The way of producing charcoal is by clearing the forest, placing the wood logs, lighting them, and making charcoal,” explains the mayor of San Rafael de Velasco. “A lot of forest has to be cut down to make charcoal,” he adds.

A plastic bottle next to the regenerating soil.

According to the mayor, the trees are cut into several pieces and then inserted into the ovens to be burned and turned into charcoal for subsequent commercialization.

“It’s a crude way of generating income, because they set the forest on fire to make charcoal when we know that the different woods we have in Chiquitania are precious or semi-precious woods that can be used in other ways and given added value in products like furniture or construction wood,” the mayor expresses with anger.

He reiterates that there are approximately 500 ovens in the municipality. “They are everywhere. I estimate that it must be about one hectare (of trees) for each oven; I think it depends on the size; there are various sizes,” he says.

A “lax” and weak law

The regulations exist, but there’s no one to enforce them, Vargas denounces. “I believe that the law is very lax, very weak. In reality, there are regulations for everything in the country, but there’s no one to enforce them because there’s no one to make them comply,” he assures.

It is estimated that there are more than 500 ovens in San Rafael, without permits.

According to Chief Vaca Díez, the Authority for Supervision and Social Control of Forests and Land (ABT) is responsible for overseeing and controlling these activities. However, the indigenous leader states that the public entity “turns a blind eye” to communities aligned with the government, while demanding a series of requirements from indigenous peoples to engage in these economic activities.

“So the charcoal that comes out of here, part of it is legal and the other part illegal, and who is to blame for that? It’s the state, the ABT. There are no restrictions (for burning) for peasant communities, but if someone from an indigenous community goes to request (permission), they are asked for several requirements and are not granted (it). They control, but the ABT turns a blind eye because everyone is aligned with that. If you don’t do the work or are against it, you’ll be fired tomorrow. That is the reality in our country,” he says.

600 thousand hectares were affected by the fires in San Rafael.

For chief Julio Egüez, it is essential to raise awareness among recently settled peasant communities to protect and conserve the chiquitano dry forests, which have existed in the region for over three centuries.

He explains that the main consequences of uncontrolled fires and charcoal production are significant losses of flora and fauna. In light of this situation and the inaction of authorities, he suggests creating spaces to promote awareness. “We need to encourage newly established communities to learn to conserve the forests that have always been here, even before the Republic of Bolivia,” he asserts optimistically, though he cannot hide his indignation at seeing the ashes of trees in the forest of his ancestors, his grandparents. 

“They are burning our forests to make barbecue. They export charcoal from the forests where the wood is precious or semi-precious.”
Humberto Vargas, mayor of San Rafael

After four months of work and losses, San Rafael is “fire-free”

After nearly four months of wildfires and 20 days of work, international assistance, and several days of rain, the municipality of San Rafael is “fire-free,” reported the mayor of the region, Humberto Jorge Vargas.

“We extinguished the fire; we have not had a single fire or hotspots (…). Now we can say with certainty that San Rafael is free of fire. We have done nearly 20 days of work under the guidance of two fire experts who came from Spain to provide us with directives on how to work,” he said.

International cooperation, volunteer firefighters, and the rains that fell for a few days contributed to the mitigation and subsequent extinguishing of fires in the region, which is primarily dedicated to livestock farming.

Humberto Jorge Vargas, the mayor of San Rafael. He was also a volunteer firefighter.

“We have done a very strong, long job for 20 days, 24/7, with the help of firefighters from Spain, and we have planned the anchoring of the gaps to the scars, and we have opened other gaps to extinguish the fire. We have achieved this through our own effort, private efforts, foundations, volunteer firefighters, and private individuals. We have managed to anchor the fire with the support of technology from the Spaniards. We have managed to conclude the work,” he assured.

600 thousand hectares affected

The Mayor lamented that 60% of the municipality has been affected by the fire that started with strength in June of this year and reached multiple communities in four departments, primarily affecting Santa Cruz. In this context, San Rafael reported at least 600 thousand hectares affected by the burns.

“We are nearing 600 thousand hectares; we are talking about 60% of the municipal territory being reached by the flames,” he said and mentioned that he became a volunteer firefighter.

DentInside these domes, precious and semi-precious woods are burned to reduce them to charcoal for sale. 

The fires recorded since mid-year caused damage to at least 10.1 million hectares of forests and grasslands in the departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and northern La Paz, according to the Tierra Foundation. Meanwhile, the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (Inra) reported that this year 9.8 million hectares were burned in the country.

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