Bolivia Held Hostage by Blockades | Bolivia rehén de los bloqueos

By Diego Ayo, Brujula Digital:

Why Do the COB and Other Actors Keep Blockading?

The media speaks of social actors on the move—miners, peasants, teachers, COB leaders—with the same revolutionary tone heard at the beginning of the millennium. It would seem we are talking about the same actors. They are not. Those earlier marchers moved with an illusion; these have become illegal bourgeoisies/micro-extractivist factions. They are different actors, even if they are still referred to by the same names. I repeat: those actors of 2000–05 had dreams; these actors of 2026 have private businesses.

Twenty years have not passed in vain: the MAS did not fail—it lives among us in a way its own precursors would never have imagined. It lives perched atop micro-extractivist factions that have been taking over Bolivia’s public and natural resources. To continue doing so, they must maintain blockades. Let us remember the MAS ideological mantra: “natural resources are ours.” We may agree with that. Yet this certainty has been mutating and has now mutated into a new reality, one that does not imply the failure of the MAS project, but rather its final and successful mutation.

Normally we have believed that cynical pragmatism and plunder (I refer to land grabbers, traders/contrabandists, coca growers/cocaine traffickers, illegal miners, deforesters, sectarian teachers, state unions in the COB mold, among others) are the “betrayal” of early-millennium masismo ideology. That is not true. What predominates is a predatory micro-extractivism as the cruel but logical continuation of the previous MAS ideological empowerment.

Therefore, the ideology did not die; it merely stripped itself of its bombastic rhetoric to become an expedited praxis of plunder. A praxis that uses blockades as a way of reaffirming its right to dispossession.

We have moved from the politics of hope, outlined since 2000 and put into motion in 2006, to the politics of plunder in 2026. How do its promoters express it? By blockading. They blockade using the shield of marginal and indigenous identity. Identity—let us remember—was the ideological bulwark of masismo. However, that identity is no longer the platform for indigenous rights, but the route that legitimizes this right to pillage.

The MAS narrative was based on returning power to historically excluded sectors. In the period of gas abundance, that power was symbolic and state-centered. In this period of scarcity, under the command of Luis Arce, power has been translated into the sovereign right of each faction to exploit its own surroundings. The Plurinational State has been atomized into a State of multiple extractive sovereignties. If before the slogan spoke of “the resources of Bolivians,” today the material truth is that the resources belong to the neighborhood council, to the COB, to the cooperativists, to the unions… and only to them!

MAS discourse provided the perfect moral cover to begin this journey. By questioning “republican”/“neoliberal” legality as alien and oppressive, the door was opened to a new de facto legality: if the law was always colonial, then today they have the right to demand a 20% wage increase (improving the lives of only 15% of the working population), burn the land in the name of the “small property” that is only theirs, dredge the river that has been theirs for thousands of years—and more, much more.

What does this conclusion mean? It means that “anything goes.” That “anything goes” is not a lack of values but the new supreme value of this blockading society. And what is this value? Capitalist self-determination in order to continue, at will, with the rapid accumulation of capital. And the result? The democratization of varied predatory and blockading bourgeoisies. Micro-entrepreneurs of illegality. Clans of what is theirs and only theirs, duly legitimized by the discourse of the plurinational.

Therefore, there is no longer a struggle of “poor/indigenous” versus “rich/creole,” but rather a struggle of predatory factions against a weak State. Micro-extractivist communities confronting a State from which they demand the right to be the sole possessors of the space they claim as theirs.

In that scenario, the blockades of the “social actors” (it is dramatic that we continue baptizing the COB as a social actor) are merely the “administrative procedure,” certainly violent and paralyzing, to ensure that dispossession does not stop.

If the State tries to recover control over gold, coca, timber, or the management of fiscal resources, blockade is the response of these micro-extractivist factions to prevent it. Let us remember that they no longer constitute the “indigenous or worker social subject,” but they make use of that narrative in order to continue plundering. They have privatized the country, even though all that is heard in their voices are lofty revolutionary proclamations.

One question remains: can agreements be reached with this varied range of actors? No, and the government is obliged to seek new actors with whom to converse and make pacts, breaking the perverse monopoly of social representation that COB leaders, and those of other social organizations, have managed to erect to their liking over twenty years of profitable silencing under the warmth of MAS.

Diego Ayo holds a PhD in political science.

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