Bolivia’s Road Back | El camino de regreso de Bolivia

By El Diario:

Three Reflections Proposed for the Country to Begin Its Reactivation

  • As will be recalled, Bolivia closed 2025 with a recession of -1.58% and for the current fiscal year, the Government estimates the figure will be -1.28%,
  • with inflation at 14.95%,
  • a fiscal deficit of -9.2%,
  • and public investment of $2.965 billion.
Presentation of part of the studies.

Bolivia has been mired in an economic and energy crisis since 2025, the year in which the situation worsened despite the partial elimination of the subsidy; developments in the Middle East caused that measure to be rolled back. The Growth Lab of Harvard Kennedy School published a report that was presented by economist Ricardo Hausmann, in which he lays out three reflections for the country to begin reactivating: speed up the pace (of reforms), build a political coalition to approve the reforms, and construct a narrative to justify the changes.

Citizens are observing the Government’s lack of communication with civil society and social sectors, since the absence of information has caused marches to return and intensify.

The Growth Lab of Harvard Kennedy School Growth Lab published a new series of reports evaluating Bolivia’s deep economic challenges and offering a detailed recovery plan. These are the result of a 15-month applied research project that included intensive consultations with government officials, international organizations, business and community leaders, as well as academic experts in Bolivia.

The document synthesizes the main findings and recommendations of the research series: An Economic Turnaround for Bolivia.

Bolivia’s macroeconomic collapse is the most visible symptom of a deeper crisis following institutional deterioration that weakened private investment, export capacity, and productivity growth throughout the economy, according to Hausmann’s presentation.

In addition to the three reflections pointed out by the economist, he also presented a comprehensive reform plan based on five pillars: credible fiscal consolidation that promotes growth; an effective and targeted social compensation network; restoration of external balance and monetary credibility; a renewed capacity to attract investment for export sectors; and an institutional foundation that fosters the development of new productive capabilities.

Proposals

Fiscal consolidation will drive growth, but to achieve this Bolivia must complete reform of energy subsidies, whose cost is currently estimated at as much as 14.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) when implicit costs are included, and establish a transparent, market-based fuel pricing mechanism.

Historically, energy subsidies in Bolivia have been regressive, and wealthier households have received a disproportionate share of their benefits.

Social protection must also be a priority. To that end, they propose redirecting resources from broad subsidies toward well-targeted cash transfers and vouchers for low-income households, protecting the most vulnerable Bolivians from the impact of price adjustments. A comprehensive reform of Bolivia’s social protection architecture would improve the coverage, targeting, and adequacy of transfers.

Likewise, monetary and external stability with support from the International Monetary Fund is considered a necessity, with the objective of securing a formal program from the international institution to rebuild foreign currency reserves, stabilize the boliviano, and restore monetary credibility, while maintaining adequate capital controls during the transition period.

This had already been anticipated by Chilean economist Felipe Larraín, when he said that the international organization would be called upon for that task: to stabilize the exchange rate and reserves.

To this must be added sectoral reform, that is, modernizing the regulatory frameworks governing hydrocarbons, mining, lithium, agriculture, and tourism in order to attract private investment and expand export capacity.

This can be seen in agencies such as the National Hydrocarbons Agency (ANH), the Electricity Agency, among others, which did not faithfully fulfill their oversight role.

Finally, Bolivia must promote new productive capabilities. To that end, they recommend developing the institutions, infrastructure, human capital, and knowledge networks necessary to diversify the Bolivian economy over time, including an agency dedicated to investment promotion, a structured diaspora engagement strategy, a national productive infrastructure plan, and education and training reform oriented toward demand.

The reports conclude that Bolivia’s underlying assets remain largely intact and that the current moment represents a genuine opportunity for transformation, provided decisive measures are taken.

Evaluation

The country’s challenges stem from a broader institutional failure that weakened private investment, export capacity, and productivity growth across the entire economy. As a result, natural gas production has collapsed, no new large-scale mines have opened since 2014, agricultural yields remain among the lowest in the region, and exceptional tourist destinations lack basic infrastructure, the document notes.

The consequences are evident. Beyond signs of macroeconomic distress, Bolivia’s ranking in the Economic Complexity Index fell from 106th place in 2000 to 123rd in 2024, evidencing limited diversification and difficulties in attracting sustained private investment.

“Bolivia has many assets on which it can build and return to the path of economic prosperity. However, to materialize this potential it will be necessary to confront head-on the country’s deeply rooted problems,” said Hausmann, director of the Growth Lab and Rafik Hariri Professor of the Practice of International Political Economy at Harvard Kennedy School.

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