Energy crisis and exchange rate trigger economic uncertainty | Crisis energética y tipo de cambio provocan incertidumbre económica

By El Diario:

According to analysts’ criteria

  • The value of the dollar nearly reached 10 bolivianos over the weekend, while the decline in gas production opens the door to imports, which implies a higher outflow of foreign currency.

The energy crisis and the exchange rate are generating uncertainty. Structural measures have not yet been presented, and emphasis is being placed on two sectors to attract foreign currency: hydrocarbons and mining. Mineral exports in the first quarter of 2026 reached $951.7 million, out of a total of $2.2162 billion, while hydrocarbons accounted for only $120.1 million.

The use of the reference dollar value published by the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) is considered an important step toward dollar flexibility and the devaluation of the boliviano, although some economists indicated that this has already occurred de facto.

Meanwhile, in the energy sector, since the previous administration, Bolivia entered an energy crisis due to shortages of gasoline and diesel. The current government opted to eliminate subsidies, and commercialization normalized, but the war in the Middle East caused an increase in the price of crude oil on the international market, which in turn raised fuel prices.

Bolivia imports more than 90% of the diesel it consumes and nearly 60% of gasoline. It is also on the verge of importing part of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) for the domestic market and is even planning to import natural gas.

The country faces two problems: lack of hydrocarbon production and lack of foreign currency to finance imports. According to economists and hydrocarbon experts, these factors will lead to higher inflation and economic contraction, generating uncertainty in the national economy.

Reference rate

Over the weekend, the Central Bank of Bolivia’s reference exchange rate reached its highest level since its creation on December 1, 2025, hitting a selling price of 9.63 bolivianos per dollar.

Economist and researcher Fernando Romero explained that the increase was due to a significant purchase by Banco Unión that day, amounting to $28 million (in 14 operations), representing 53% of the total traded volume. This bank paid 9.67 bolivianos per dollar, pushing the reference exchange rate upward.

However, this state bank was not the only factor driving up the dollar’s price. Previously, Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) also contributed to the rise, causing the exchange rate to reach 20 bolivianos per dollar in the parallel market in August 2025.

De facto exchange rate transition

Meanwhile, economic analyst Gonzalo Chávez referred to both the reference and official exchange rates, stating that Bolivia is undergoing a de facto exchange rate transition: without any formal measure, the fixed exchange rate has ceased to function as an effective macroeconomic anchor.

This situation became evident when the use of debit and credit cards internationally was authorized, using the reference dollar published by the BCB. For Chávez, this revealed a market exchange rate significantly higher than the official rate (6.86–6.96 Bs/$).

This context shows that Bolivians are already living with a devaluation. It is also reflected in importers, digital platforms, and informal markets, which now price goods and services at the market exchange rate rather than the official one, according to the analyst.

“This generates a dual pricing system that, even without formal devaluation, produces concrete redistributive effects: exporters capture extraordinary rents, while consumers and importers without exchange-rate hedging bear the adjustment costs. The formation of domestic prices for tradable goods has effectively lost its official reference. We are facing a dual exchange rate,” the expert warned on social media, as part of an opinion article.

He therefore argues that, at the macroeconomic-institutional level, Bolivia exhibits a regime that specialized literature identifies as a de facto crawling peg or implicit managed float: formally fixed, functionally flexible.

He also noted what is already widely known: the Central Bank has lost operational capacity to sustain the official parity and tolerates indirect adjustments through segmented markets.

As long as concrete policies for exchange rate unification are not proposed, the Bolivian economy will operate under structured uncertainty, where formal rules and real prices move in different directions, he emphasized.

For his part, economist Antonio Saravia stated on his account @tufisaravia: “Yes, we have a de facto devaluation, but I disagree with the idea of minimum Net International Reserves (NIR) required to manage an exchange rate regime. What matters is not the absolute amount of dollars, but the relative amount (to the quantity of bolivianos). The Central Bank does not control the quantity of dollars, but it does control the quantity of bolivianos.”

Energy sector

Hydrocarbon expert and former president of the Bolivian Chamber of Hydrocarbons and Energy (CBHE), Carlos Delius, in his 2020 analysis of the sector, outlined the four objectives set by Evo Morales’ government for 2026, which over time were not fully achieved.

These goals included regaining and consolidating ownership and control of hydrocarbons, increasing hydrocarbon potential, strengthening exploration and production activities, industrializing hydrocarbon resources to generate added value, and ensuring national energy security while consolidating the country as a regional energy hub. These objectives were left unfulfilled.

It should be recalled that natural gas production reached 60 million cubic meters per day (MMmcd) in 2014, but a year later, in 2015, it began to decline, reaching approximately 28 MMmcd by 2025.

A similar situation occurred with revenues: from $6 billion in 2014, 2025 closed with nearly $1 billion. This led to a shortage of foreign currency, and the policies implemented by the government of Luis Arce contributed to the emergence of parallel markets.

With the natural decline of producing fields, the deficit of liquid fuels for the domestic market increases. Moreover, since the domestic market is subsidized, it creates an imbalance in sector revenues, Delius explained.

Predictable decline

Oil and gas fields have three clearly defined stages in their productive life. The first is Development, when production transitions from initial commercial output to its peak. The second is the Plateau stage, when production stabilizes for about 5 to 10 years. The third stage is decline, when output decreases due to resource depletion, loss of reservoir energy, and other factors such as water intrusion.

Despite the fragile situation in the sector, the Arce government has not reversed the trend; rather, it has worsened it, as planned exploration has not yielded the expected results.

Mayaya was highlighted by the previous administration, but analysts dismissed the results, noting that further drilling is still required to confirm the announced reserves of 1.7 TCF.

“The absence of a specific policy for exploration and exploitation activities led to prioritizing other parts of the hydrocarbon value chain, neglecting the importance of maintaining an aggressive policy to guarantee reserves and production levels for supplying our markets,” Delius concluded.

Given the bleak outlook for the hydrocarbon sector, the Minister of Hydrocarbons, Mauricio Medinaceli, announced that a new law is almost ready.

LPG

Not only has natural gas production declined, but LPG is also affected. Hydrocarbon expert from Fundación Jubileo, Raúl Velásquez, stated that if the country proceeds with importing this product, it would have to pay around 140 bolivianos in the international market and subsidize it to sell domestically at 22.5 bolivianos per cylinder.

Given this situation, he recommends that the government should make efforts to maintain subsidies for the most vulnerable families while improving controls to prevent the product from being diverted to neighboring markets through smuggling.

However, low fuel prices in Bolivia have once again triggered diesel smuggling, and long lines for this product have reappeared at service stations across the country.

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