Indigenous women with high mercury concentrations | Mujeres indígenas con altas concentraciones de mercurio

By Erbol, El Diario:

Nine out of ten, according to a Cedib study

  • Three out of four women assessed have total mercury levels in hair associated with cardiovascular risk.
INDIGENOUS WOMEN

A pilot study on mercury exposure and the health status of women from indigenous communities living along the Beni and Madre de Dios river basins in the Amazon revealed that nine out of ten indigenous women of childbearing age show concentrations above safe limits, predisposing them to multiple associated diseases.

This study, carried out by the Center for Documentation and Information Bolivia (Cedib) with the participation of the Seladis Institute of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) and the Toxicology Institute of the University of Cartagena, Colombia, between November and December 2023, provided important findings on contamination levels in indigenous women. The results were shared in La Paz, during a public event at the La Paz Press Association (APLP).

“Nine out of ten women assessed had total mercury levels in hair above the maximum recommended for health protection, of one part per million (1 ppm), according to international agencies. The average (…) roughly for the Beni river basin is 5.2 ppm and for Madre de Dios 3.2 ppm,” explained toxicologist Jesús Olivero before an almost full audience.

The specialist noted that in the Beni river basin the maximum mercury concentration in Amazonian women reached 22 ppm, while in the Madre de Dios basin it was 9 ppm. For the study, samples were taken from 119 women between the ages of 30 and 40.

He also detailed that one out of four women exceeded two parts per million, meaning they face risks associated with cardiovascular problems. “This is like a thermometer of mercury effects according to exposure level, measured as hair mercury concentration,” he said.

Between 1 and 2 ppm, he explained, are associated with subtle neurodevelopmental effects, which cannot be detected in a simple medical check-up. Between 2 and 5 ppm, mercury levels are associated with cardiovascular risks; between 5 and 10 ppm, with prenatal neurobehavioral alterations; between 10 and 20 ppm, with cognitive and motor deficits in children.

Three out of four women evaluated had total hair mercury levels associated with cardiovascular risk.

“Remember that the maximum concentration we had was 21 ppm, so we already have a series of reported effects, and if we want to observe them, we need to carry out more detailed evaluations,” he mentioned.

BLOOD ANALYSES

The results of blood analyses in volunteers with the highest mercury levels showed a worrying picture, according to both Jesús Olivero and Róger Carvajal of UMSA, since the indicators suggest liver damage and alterations in blood biomarkers.

JESÚS OLIVERO, COLOMBIAN TOXICOLOGY EXPERT TAKING HAIR SAMPLES FROM AN INDIGENOUS WOMAN.

“We decided to look at some biochemical and hematological markers, blood characteristics in women with the highest mercury exposure levels, and reviewed their health. What you see here in red corresponds particularly to elevated liver enzymes—there are problems with liver function,” explained Olivero, who confessed to having 0.3 ppm of mercury in his own body because he often eats tuna.

The specialist pointed out that indigenous women live in conditions of extreme poverty, with little access to basic services and clean water, facilitating the spread of preventable infectious diseases. “A high percentage show alterations in the size, shape, and color of red blood cells, linked to poor nutrition. They are not receiving proper nutrition—something we can address. Many have lost teeth, also preventable, which we can work on.”

One in five suffer from hearing problems, affecting communication and daily life. Headaches and miscarriages also appear more frequently than in the general population. On average, women from the Beni river basin have higher mercury concentrations than those from Madre de Dios, confirming earlier findings.

“The indigenous women of the Beni and Madre de Dios river basins—ancestral caretakers of the Amazon—are facing mercury exposure, with almost all surpassing the safe exposure limit, putting their health and that of their children at serious risk,” he reflected.

Olivero stressed that poverty and lack of basic services mean that preventable diseases, malnutrition, and problems such as tooth loss or hearing loss are part of their everyday lives. “These data are not just numbers in a report; they reflect the harsh reality these communities live daily, and they represent an urgent call to action for both authorities and society as a whole,” he stated.

Ruth Alípaz Cuqui, indigenous leader of the Uchupiamona people and spokesperson for the National Coordinator for the Defense of Indigenous Peasant Territories (Contiocap), drew attention to the impacts suffered by six indigenous nations of the middle Beni river basin, covering the municipalities of Rurrenabaque and San Buenaventura.

She recounted that it was only in 2018 that communities learned that gold mining used mercury. They requested Cedib’s support as well as that of the University of Cartagena to measure mercury impacts on riverine populations, but also on fish—the main food source of Amazonian peoples.

“Our country, a poor one that survives on resource extraction, kills its own population. We are sustaining an economy based on the death of historically vulnerable, marginalized, and discriminated communities (…). The economy is built on the death of people, children, women—the very ones who guarantee the continuity of our species and, in the case of indigenous peoples, our culture,” she commented.

She also criticized the National Action Plan (NAP) for mercury reduction, developed by the government together with the mining sector and supported by Planet Gold and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), but without indigenous participation, despite them being the main victims of illegal gold mining. The plan, she noted, has a productive vision, not a health-based one, as required by the Minamata Convention, to which Bolivia is a signatory.

Cedib director Óscar Campanini explained during the event that the purpose of presenting this information publicly was not only to socialize the study, but above all to ensure the State acknowledges the situation and adopts solutions to the reality faced by Amazonian indigenous communities affected by gold mining.

ÓSCAR CAMPANINI, DIRECTOR OF CEDIB DURING THE OPENING OF THE WORKSHOP ON THE PRESENTATION OF THE MERCURY STUDY IN INDIGENOUS WOMEN.

“This presentation is addressed to the State, which must take action and provide solutions to these health problems. The responsibility lies with the institutions. That’s why this workshop was organized—we invited government authorities, the Health Ministry, the Foreign Ministry, the Vice-Presidency, as well as academics and institutions working on this issue,” said Campanini.

He recalled that this pilot study, specifically carried out on women of childbearing age, has a prior background. Since 2015, Bolivia has been a protagonist in mercury trade, reflected in the 2018–2019 study titled The Mercury Business in Bolivia, which is now being updated.

“We saw concern from populations not even involved in mining activities, even hundreds of kilometers away from mining zones, but still affected by mercury impacts,” he noted.

He highlighted that organizations like Contiocap promoted the study on mercury impacts, conducted with the support of the University of Cartagena and Cedib. Later, the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory TIM-II, with the support of the Center for Legal Studies and Social Research (CEJIS) and UMSA, also carried out a study.

The study also provides a series of recommendations for the State to assume its responsibilities: strengthen local health services, improve access to clean water and sanitation, develop nutrition and food security programs, launch initiatives to combat malnutrition and improve diets in affected communities, implement intercultural environmental and health education, conduct continuous monitoring and care for vulnerable groups, reduce mercury pollution at its source, and promote intersectoral coordination and community participation. (Environmental News Agency/Erbol)

INDIGENOUS WOMEN

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