How did Bolivia go from controlling inflation to having one of the highest rates in Latin America? | ¿Cómo pasó Bolivia de controlar la inflación a tener una de las más altas de Latinoamérica?

By Daniel Salazar Castellanos, Bloomberg Linea:

Bolivia derailed its inflation path and is now among the highest in the region. In March, year-on-year inflation stood at 14.63%.

Bolivia
How did Bolivia go from controlling inflation to having one of the highest rates in Latin America?
Customers in front of a subsidized grocery store in La Paz, Bolivia, on Thursday, September 26, 2024. Bolivia, once a natural gas powerhouse, is facing an economic crisis after years of miscalculations and unsustainable policies. (Bloomberg/Manuel Seoane)

Bloomberg Línea — Bolivia went from being part of the club of countries with the lowest inflation in the region to suffering from rising prices amid a scenario marked by shortages of foreign currency and fuel, against the backdrop of declining gas exports.

The Andean country, once considered a stable market thanks to gas revenues that allowed it to sustain economic growth along with controlled inflation, is now under pressure. In 2024, accumulated inflation reached its highest level since 2008, standing at 9.97%. This past March, year-on-year inflation reached 14.63%, according to data published by the National Institute of Statistics (INE).

“The recent inflationary acceleration in Bolivia, evident since the end of 2024, is not an isolated phenomenon nor does it respond to an unexpected external shock,” says Jonathan Fortun, economist at the Institute of International Finance (IIF).

Thus, the rapid increase in inflation in Bolivia would be due to a series of structural economic imbalances that persisted for years, but which had been contained until now under a framework characterized by a fixed exchange rate, widespread subsidies, and an oversized state.

The reliance on imported inputs reinforces this effect, given that Bolivia imports more than half of its productive inputs, including food, fertilizers, industrial parts, and fuel. Moreover, it imports virtually all the diesel and gasoline it consumes, but sells them domestically at prices far below the acquisition cost.

The difference is covered by the Treasury, which in 2024 generated spending exceeding US$2.3 billion in a context of depleted reserves, according to figures provided by the IIF.

The Treasury deficit reached 9.7 percent of GDP in 2023 and likely exceeded 10.5 percent in 2024, although the government has avoided publishing recent consolidated figures. If the operating deficit of state-owned companies is included—especially YPFB, which went from being a foreign currency generator to a net importer of fuels—the consolidated public sector deficit exceeds 15 percent of GDP.
Jonathan Fortun, economist at the IIF.

For Jonathan Fortun, what has begun to show up in price indexes in recent months “is not a one-off disruption, but the manifestation of an economic regime that has started to overflow.”

He explains that the consumer price index is still calculated using a consumption basket based on the 2016 spending survey. “This is inflation that, rather than being contained, has been deferred and statistically smoothed,” he pointed out.

In this context, the Institute of International Finance has estimated that a methodological update could raise reported inflation by at least 40 to 60 basis points per month.

The fixed exchange rate is faltering

Dólar en Bolivia
Dollar in Bolivia. A currency exchange kiosk on a street in La Paz, Bolivia, on Thursday, March 30, 2023 (Bloomberg/Marcelo Perez del Carpio)

Maintaining the Bs$6.9 per dollar exchange rate in Bolivia, fixed since 2011 during Evo Morales’ government, has become increasingly difficult.

In the parallel market, the official support is fading amid a shortage of foreign currency due to the imbalance in gas export revenues.

For more than ten years, the fixed exchange rate regime functioned as a nominal anchor, but its viability depended on the accumulation of reserves that are now vanishing.

According to the IIF, by the end of 2024 the Central Bank’s net liquid reserves were below US$2 billion, most of which are non-liquid.

Without access to external financing and with a saturated domestic market, the government has turned to the Central Bank and quasi-fiscal mechanisms to cover its cash needs, which reinforces inflation expectations in an environment where there are no longer any reliable anchors.
Jonathan Fortun, economist at the IIF.

What is happening in Bolivia is that “we are experiencing significant depreciation that continues to grow in the country,” analyst Jaime Dunn told Bloomberg Línea. And in this context, “the Central Bank is aggressively increasing the money supply.”

He explains that meeting the high demand for loans from the General Treasury of the State, through the Central Bank, also involves a substantial amount of bolivianos.

According to Dunn, last year the Central Bank financed the Treasury with more than Bs$4 billion (around US$580 million), which has had effects that are beginning to be felt months later.

As the national currency loses value, all goods and services priced in bolivianos become more expensive.

In this way, Bolivia has become the fourth most inflationary country in Latin America, after Argentina, Venezuela, and Cuba, despite having been one of the countries with the lowest inflation in the world during the pandemic years.

The political crisis also marks a turning point.

Bolivia
Bolivia. Luis Arce, President of Bolivia, speaks to protesters in Plaza Murillo, outside the Palacio Quemado in La Paz, Bolivia, on Wednesday, June 26, 2024. (Photo: Marcelo Pérez del Carpio//Marcelo Perez del Carpio)

In June 2024, the head of the Bolivian Army, General Juan José Zúñiga, led an insurrection against the government, which President Luis Arce described as an attempt at a “coup d’état,” but Evo Morales, now an opponent, considered it more of a “self-coup.”

In the view of analysts, the political crisis in Bolivia also served as a catalyst to strengthen institutional control over an economy that was already showing signs of exhaustion.

The government has imposed controls on the use of dollars and other financial operations to try to sustain the economy amid a shortage of foreign currency, opening the door to alternatives such as cryptocurrencies.

In 2023, Bolivia managed to avoid a financial crisis by passing a law that allowed the central bank to sell part of its gold reserves, although the Senate recently approved a project to safeguard them.

“This bill seeks to protect the gold reserves and ensure they remain a solid backing for the country’s economic stability,” said the President of the Bolivian Senate, Andrónico Rodríguez.

Fortun states that after last year’s political crisis, official inflation did not spike immediately, but there was a notable shift in government strategy, reflected in “more aggressive controls, delays in sensitive adjustments, greater opacity in data publication, and an explicit effort to preserve the perception of stability.”

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