Accounting Vision or Economic Vision in the Country’s Management | Visión contable o visión económica en la gestión del país

By German Huanca, Publico.bo:

President Arce recently distanced himself from responsibility for economic decisions in Bolivia with the following statement: “They always say, ‘Ah, but you were Minister of Economy.’ Yes, but I wasn’t Minister of Hydrocarbons.” With this, he suggests that he wasn’t really an Economy Minister but rather limited his role to recording accounts provided by other ministries. This raises the public debate on whether the country was managed with a primarily accounting perspective—focused on record-keeping and short-term results—rather than an economic perspective, which involves comprehensive analysis, optimization, and economic efficiency. Below, we analyze the possible consequences of this accounting vision, based on the words of Bolivia’s president.

Upon taking office in 2006, MAS implemented one of its first measures, which, according to Álvaro García Linera, “grabbed transnationals controlling hydrocarbons by the throat.” The first significant accounting record of this action was the increase in the wellhead hydrocarbon tax from 50%—a measure achieved by Hormando Vaca Díez—to 82% with nationalization. According to former Minister Arce, this action was recorded as a major revenue gain, leading to an unprecedented increase in the country’s dollar income. However, an Economy Minister with an economic perspective would have conducted a thorough analysis of how this measure would impact future investments in the gas sector, as it significantly reduced incentives for foreign investment.

A second example of the accounting vision is the implementation of a fixed exchange rate. From a purely accounting perspective, managing financial records is easier with a fixed exchange rate, as a flexible exchange rate requires constant accounting adjustments. However, from an economic standpoint, a fixed exchange rate helps control inflation and maintain stability, while a variable or floating exchange rate allows for adaptation to sudden changes in international economic conditions. The country should have considered this change as early as 2014 when falling gas revenues became evident, but the accounting vision prevailed.

A third example of accounting-focused management is seen in how public enterprise revenues were handled. Companies that reported a positive EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization) by the third quarter were viewed as cash sources to fund social programs such as the Juancito Pinto and Juana Azurduy bonuses (see the Supreme Decrees on the distribution of these bonuses and their funding sources between 2006 and 2024). While an economic vision would have assessed the impact of transferring these resources without consulting public enterprise management, the accounting vision prioritized the immediate availability of funds, emphasizing EBITDA figures over net profits. Although these social bonuses benefited families, diverting these resources weakened state-owned enterprises, which were already flawed from inception due to a lack of market studies. Today, most of these enterprises are financially unviable and inefficient.

A fourth example of the accounting perspective is evident in the modification of the BoliVida program. The original model linked lifetime annuities to hydrocarbon revenues, but the rebranded Bono Solidaridad expanded beneficiary coverage and established a fixed payment without a sustainable funding source. From an accounting viewpoint, funds from the capitalization process were simply divided among the target population, shifting from annual to monthly payments. Although this change multiplied the cost of transfers twelvefold, potential economic consequences and long-term sustainability were overlooked.

A fifth factor confirming the dominance of an accounting over an economic approach is the management of international reserves. From an accounting perspective, the solution to replace the dollar flow generated by gas exports was to rely on international loans—in other words, increasing external debt. By 2017, data showed that Bolivia’s foreign exchange reserves for imports were at the same level as in 2006, the year when the economy was allegedly in ruins. As dollar reserves declined, the accounting approach recommended resorting to external debt, pushing Bolivia’s foreign debt beyond $13 billion and domestic debt to nearly $30 billion. An economist, by contrast, would have implemented policies such as adjusting the exchange rate to make exports competitive, introducing tariffs on non-essential imports (such as smuggled vehicles), and adopting measures to cut public spending and control monetary issuance. However, the accounting approach prevailed.

In conclusion, President Arce’s statement—despite his tenure as Economy Minister—reveals that Bolivia’s economic decisions have been dominated by an accounting mindset rather than an economic one. To overcome the current crisis, Bolivia needs a specialized approach to public finance management that goes beyond bookkeeping. A true economic vision is required to shape a sustainable future for the country.

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