Inflation, dollar shortages, and fuel scarcity: the new face of Bolivia | Inflación, escasez de dólares y falta de combustible, la nueva cara de Bolivia

By Opinion:

2024 marked the end of the economic boom of the early millennium. The Bolivian currency depreciated, and gasoline and diesel are in short supply. An alleged coup worsened the situation.

Fila en un surtidor a causa de la escasez de combustibles. / NOÉ PORTUGAL
Line at a gas station due to fuel shortages. / NOÉ PORTUGAL

In a report last year, the World Bank highlighted Bolivia as one of the three economies with the best economic growth projections in the region.

However, as 2024 comes to an end, the country is facing its worst crisis in decades. In addition to the lack of private investment, the absence of new hydrocarbon sources, unemployment, and informality, there are now high levels of inflation and persistent shortages of dollars and fuel, something not seen in years.

THE SPARK

Inflation gradually increased throughout 2024, but its rise accelerated starting in August, with many linking this phenomenon to events in June in La Paz.

On June 26, a day after his dismissal as head of the Bolivian Army—due to statements that included his position against the reelection of Evo Morales—General Juan José Zúñiga led a “seizure” of Plaza Murillo and the Palacio Quemado, accompanied by soldiers and military vehicles, in what was labeled an “attempted coup.”

As evidenced on social media, the situation appeared strangely calm. After a few hours, the action was announced as a failure. Once the “coup” units withdrew, Zúñiga was arrested. While being escorted, the military officer accused Luis Arce of staging the coup attempt to “boost his popularity.”

“On Sunday, at La Salle school, I met with the President, and the President told me, ‘The situation is really bad; this week will be critical. So, something needs to be prepared to boost my popularity,'” the General claimed on camera.

What followed was the worsening of an already difficult outlook: scarce and expensive dollars, long lines for fuel, and rising market prices.

By November, data from the BCB indicated that the annual inflation rate had reached 9.5%.

ACTIONS

While the government adopted a set of 10 measures together with the national business sector, including the liberalization of Bolivian exports and the issuance of Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) bonds in dollars, this did not change the scenario. The official exchange rate for the dollar is 6.96 bolivianos, but on the parallel market, the dollar fluctuates between 10.50 and 12 bolivianos.

Mid-year, the Association of Private Banks of Bolivia (Asoban) issued a statement confirming that exports are the “only source” of dollar income and that these must be managed prudently. “The banking sector is concerned about the situation and the ongoing claims about the foreign currency reserves in vaults, which only partially cover deposits in US dollars and need to be managed prudently,” the statement said.

THE CRACKS IN THE MODEL

There are other underlying factors that triggered this situation in Bolivia. The economic boom experienced in the first decade of the millennium was primarily sustained by gas exports. From 2006 to 2013, every year except one, the country recorded a surplus.

This changed in 2014, marking the beginning of consecutive fiscal deficits, which worsened in 2023 due to the decline in gas exports and reached their worst point in 2024.

With increasingly lower revenues from this resource, the government turned to international reserves (in dollars) to primarily subsidize fuel prices.

As Gabriel Espinoza, an economic analyst and former director of the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB), explained to Infobae, the collapse of the oil industry caused the BCB to stop providing dollars to the financial system “because its liquid international reserves were depleted.”

These reserves—$15 billion in 2014—now barely exceed $2 billion, of which only $121 million are liquid.

As a result, banks were forced to limit transactions in that currency and buy dollars from exporters at a higher exchange rate.

“What followed was a snowball effect: banks progressively began to restrict international transfers, digital transactions in dollars, and imposed increasingly tighter limits on cash withdrawals.”

This led to the emergence of a black market (where the exchange rate is up to 60% higher than the official dollar rate) and the devaluation of the national currency.

In an attempt to retain more foreign currency in Bolivia, banking withdrawals of foreign currency and purchases with credit or debit cards in dollars have been limited since last year. This also failed to provide relief.

President Luis Arce blames the blockade of loans in the Plurinational Legislative Assembly (ALP), arguing that dollars are increasingly flowing abroad for external debt payments.

According to him, in 2023, $1.49 billion was paid, but only $1.126 billion from new loan disbursements were received, leaving a net negative of $364 million. “When they say, ‘Where are the dollars?’ that’s where the dollars are; we are paying more abroad than we are receiving due to the suffocation and blockade in the ALP,” the president explained.

And given the inhospitable atmosphere created by political conflicts, foreign investment that could help balance the scales is virtually out of the question.

ARREARS

The consequences of this economic climate have arrived. In the first quarter of 2024, the Association of Private Banks of Bolivia (Asoban) reported the highest level of arrears in loan repayments in the past 15 years, along with a contraction in the loan portfolio, among other data.

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