Social bonds must be eliminated | Los bonos sociales deben eliminarse

Antonio Saravia, El Deber:

The state spent over a billion dollars in 2023 financing five social bonds: the Dignity Income, the Juana Azurduy bond, the universal prenatal bond, the Juancito Pinto bond, and the bond for severely disabled people. Of these, the one requiring the most disbursements was the Dignity Income, costing $922 million, which is 86% of the total. The second in importance was the Juancito Pinto bond, far behind with only $68 million.

A billion dollars is an enormous amount of money for our small economy. To put it into relative terms, a billion dollars represent a third of the fiscal deficit and 60% of our international reserves as of December last year. Also, remember that the subsidy for hydrocarbons, the main factor explaining our fiscal tragedy, stands not much higher at $1.4 billion annually. So, it is not an exaggeration; the bonds are a predominant component of the red figures that force the government to voraciously consume international reserves.

The financing of the Dignity Income comes from 30% of the Direct Hydrocarbons Tax and the profits of state-owned companies. However, as we all know, the Direct Hydrocarbons Tax has been steadily declining since the end of the gas boom in 2014. That year, the tax reached a record $2.241 billion, but by 2024, it will only reach $812 million, which is a third of that historical value. On the other hand, the profits of state-owned companies are a unicorn: they do not exist. Given this situation, in 2022, the government had to resort to trying to finance the Dignity Income with the profits of the Public Pension Manager, which jeopardizes the functioning of this agency and the savings it manages. Let’s say it as it is: the bonds are no longer sustainable and are causing a fiscal imbalance of proportions.

It is true that bonds have a positive effect on family income and poverty reduction. However, the magnitudes of this effect do not seem to be very large. A study by CEPAL concludes, for example, that total poverty in Bolivia decreased between 2016 and 2017 by only 0.1 percentage point, from 35.5% to 35.4%, due to the bonds (Cecchini et al., 2021). More optimistically, a study published by the Latin American Geopolitical Strategic Center concludes that the bonds reduced the poverty rate by two percentage points in the same year (Arancibia and Macas, 2019). Regardless, it is undeniable that the bonds help, and many poor families appreciate having them. However, the evaluation of public policies should not only focus on the benefits but also on the costs.

Clearly, the bonds cost a lot of money and are a significant part of fiscal deficits. Fiscal deficits, on the other hand, are the main reason why the government devours international reserves and the main reason why we do not have dollars. Without dollars, there are no fuels, without fuels, there is no production, and without production, there is no food. The fiscal cost of maintaining the bonds is, therefore, very high. At the rate we are going, and with the continued reduction of the Direct Hydrocarbons Tax, the government will have no choice but to increase taxes or create new ones to be able to pay them. This will generate fewer productive incentives, fewer jobs, and more informality.

The other significant cost to consider is the opportunity cost. What could we have done with a billion dollars? If in the future, the government increases taxes to achieve this sum, we should ask ourselves what individuals would have done with that money if we had not taken it from them. The economic activities that could have been generated with that money (consumption or investment) would have had multiplier effects, creating jobs, businesses, innovations, etc. Is all that less important than the effect of the bonds?

The best antidote against poverty is not bonds but employment. Bonds are transfers that give families fish. Employment, on the other hand, gives families the fishing rod. But employment is created when fiscal accounts are kept healthy, not endangering macroeconomic stability, and by reducing taxes (instead of increasing them) respecting people’s freedom and private property.

There is, therefore, no escape. I know that saying this won’t make me very popular, but that’s just the way it is: social bonds must be eliminated.

This is rotten!!

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