Young People Want to Leave Bolivia | Jóvenes Quieren Irse de Bolivia

By Ernesto Estremadoiro, El Deber:

Seven out of every 10 young people earn less than Bs 2,500 a month and want to migrate

Siete de cada 10 jóvenes ganan menos  de Bs 2.500 por mes y quieren migrar

Young people pause amid the fast pace of the city | Fuad Landívar

Youth unemployment has reached 4.27%, above the overall unemployment rate. Amid the economic crisis and lack of opportunities, many young people combine work and study and see migration as an alternative to seek greater stability and a better future, while experts recommend labor reforms.

Kerry gets nervous when the microphone approaches her, but after agreeing to speak she offers a harsh and surprisingly mature reflection for her 19 years: “The economy is bad, there are no job opportunities for young people,” she says clearly. Then she adds another reality hitting her generation: “And if there is work, it pays very little.” As she adjusts her backpack to rush off to take an exam, she looks at the country’s outlook pessimistically. “Honestly, I don’t see much future. I’m thinking of traveling,” she admits.

There, on the campus of the Gabriel René Moreno Autonomous University (UAGRM), Jasef Terrazas shares a similar perception. At 21 years old, he works and studies. “There are opportunities, the bad thing is that they don’t pay fairly for the work people do,” he says. He is training in Physical Activity and must coordinate his classes with his job as a personal trainer. Balancing both responsibilities is not easy: everything has to fit between breaks and free hours. “Sometimes I have to run from class to work,” he says.

Like Kerry, Jasef is thinking about leaving the country, although he plans to return, though the possibility of staying abroad and building a life elsewhere is not ruled out. “It’s a very strong possibility,” he says.

He adds that “the situation is critical,” although he still holds some hope that an economic plan could change Bolivia’s outlook.

According to data from the National Statistics Institute (INE), analyzed by the Populi Studies Center, the youth unemployment rate remains above the overall unemployment rate in Bolivia.

In 2016, unemployment among young people aged 15 to 24 reached 6.81%, almost double the 3.50% recorded among the population aged 15 and older. Although by 2024 both indicators had declined, the gap persists: youth unemployment stood at 4.27%, compared to 2.73% for the general population.

Low income

Antoine speaks quickly but clearly. At 18 years old, he is in his second year studying Business Engineering. Tall and dark-skinned, his hands bear the marks of construction work. Between mortar, cement, and exhausting workdays, the young man tries to maintain a routine that combines physical labor with university studies. “I work at whatever there is,” he says.

He also has to help his parents and seek any income that allows him to pay for photocopies, books, and continue studying. “Nothing in life is free,” he says.

Although construction work keeps hunger away and covers part of his expenses, he does not have a steady job or stable hours. He does whatever comes up. “Work is work,” he repeats. Then he sums up his philosophy of life in one sentence: “The only shame should be stealing.” But he regrets that wages have not been good for a long time.

Low pay

For Richard, 24, the problem is not only finding work, but how much one earns once an opportunity finally appears. While studying Chemical Engineering and combining school with temporary jobs, he watches many young people settle for salaries that barely cover basic needs. “For someone still living with their parents, it might be enough,” he says, though he immediately points out the limit of that reality: “For someone living independently, it’s barely enough.”

Kevin, 22, has not yet finished his studies, but he is already thinking about leaving the country. The idea comes up several times during the conversation, almost as an inevitable conclusion in light of Bolivia’s economic outlook. He studies Networks and Telecommunications and recognizes that his field could offer opportunities, although he feels he would have more chances for professional growth outside Bolivia.

“Looking at it carefully, I want to go to another country,” he says sincerely. He does not mention it as an adventure driven by youth, but as a serious and concrete alternative to find stability and better job opportunities. When asked whether he has truly considered emigrating, he answers directly: “If the opportunity comes, I’m leaving.”

Analysis

For economist Mario Tomianovic of the Populi Studies Center, the data and testimonies reflect a gap between youth unemployment and the rest of the economically active population.

“There is a difference of approximately two percentage points compared to the rest of the economy,” he explains.

For the analyst, this shows that young people face greater difficulties finding sustainable jobs with sufficient income to survive.

The problem is not only about finding work, but also about how much is earned.

According to the data analyzed by Populi, around 70% of young people earn less than Bs 2,500 per month, a figure that is even below the national minimum wage. “We are talking about very low incomes for a population that also faces very precarious working conditions,” he says.

Tomianovic attributes this situation to several structural factors, although he mainly points to the high cost of formality in Bolivia. “The cost of formally hiring workers is very high, and that especially affects young people who lack work experience,” he says.

Faced with that scenario, the economist believes migration ends up being, for many, the least risky alternative. “The same job a person does in Bolivia is paid up to five times more in another country,” he points out.

Meanwhile, starting a business within the country means facing the same regulatory and economic difficulties. “Entrepreneurship means risking capital in an environment where there is also a high probability of failure,” he explains.

René Salomón, director of the Work-Business Foundation, believes the country faces a structural challenge: generating more businesses and better preparing new generations for the labor market.

“Bolivia is a country that still needs to build many employment-related variables,” he says.

For Salomón, one of the main challenges is training young people with comprehensive job skills. Not only technical knowledge, but also soft skills, principles, and values that are now highly demanded by the business sector.

“Sometimes a company does not only require technical knowledge, but also people with discipline, commitment, and adaptability,” he explains.

In that process, universities, institutes, and organizations that work on developing labor profiles all play a role.

He warns that training alone is not enough. An entrepreneurial ecosystem capable of absorbing those young people and investing in their talent is also needed.

Salomón believes that much of job creation in Bolivia does not necessarily come from large corporations, but from small and medium-sized businesses “which generate more employment.”

In classrooms, temporary jobs, and exhausting workdays, young people like Kerry, Jasef, Antoine, Richard, and Kevin share the same concern: studying does not guarantee good income. While some combine classes with precarious jobs to pay for photocopies or help their families, others are already thinking about migrating due to the lack of opportunities and low wages, feeling that the future outside the country looks more promising.

Employment agencies

Vicky has been waiting outside an employment agency since early morning. She is 20 years old and has spent nearly a month looking for work without finding an offer that truly convinces her. The problem, she says, is not only the lack of opportunities, but also the salaries many companies are offering. “They are paying two thousand, two thousand five hundred,” she comments. Then she sums up what many of the young people arriving at those places feel: “It’s not enough.”

She is looking for daily or monthly work, but with pay that allows her to cover her expenses. However, she says that better-paying offers are becoming increasingly difficult to find.

A few meters away is Nélida, 18, who shares the same diagnosis. She also visits agencies looking for any job opportunity, although she feels the market is practically paralyzed.

For her, even the minimum wage of Bs 3,300 is far above what some companies are actually offering. “Now they’re paying two thousand five hundred, two thousand four hundred, just like that,” she explains.

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