Cheap Power, Low Wages | Energía Barata, Salarios Bajos

By ElPais.bo:

“Borrowed Light: Bolivia’s Energy Crossroads,” Part 2

Cheap Energy, Low Wages: The Hidden Cost of Electricity Subsidies

While Bolivia maintains the lowest electricity rates in South America, average wages are up to three times lower than in Chile or Uruguay. Energy subsidies do not reduce poverty: they reproduce it by concealing the real cost of living.

For two decades, Bolivia has proudly displayed one of the lowest electricity tariffs on the continent: around 15 dollars per megawatt-hour (MWh) for households and similar values for industry. In official speeches, that figure is presented as a social shield.

However, economic literature and comparative experience suggest the opposite interpretation: artificially cheap energy has also supported artificially low wages, and the main beneficiary has not been the vulnerable consumer, but rather large industrial and commercial users.

Regional data illustrate the anomaly. According to the World Bank and the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2024 the average residential electricity price in Latin America ranged between 80 and 180 USD/MWh. Colombia, with a hydro-thermal matrix, charged 105 USD/MWh; Peru, 120 USD/MWh; Chile, 160 USD/MWh. Bolivia, by contrast, billed 15 USD/MWh, barely one-tenth of the regional average.

Extreme Gap

Bolivia’s electricity subsidy is equivalent to 2.1% of GDP, yet the wealthiest quintile captures 40% of the benefit.

The difference is not an efficiency achievement: it is an implicit subsidy absorbed by YPFB, which sold gas to thermoelectric plants at 1.2–1.6 dollars per million BTU, while that same gas was exported to Brazil and Argentina at prices above 4–6 dollars.

According to estimates by the Harvard Growth Lab and the CNDC, this subsidy represented an annual transfer equivalent to between 1.5% and 2.1% of GDP. To put that in perspective: public spending on education in Bolivia is around 7% of GDP, meaning that cheap energy has cost the State, every year, nearly one-third of what it invests in building human capital.

And Wages?

The regional comparison is revealing. In 2025, the minimum wage in Chile was equivalent to 530 dollars per month; in Uruguay, 605; in Argentina, 400; in Peru, 330; in Colombia, 335. Bolivia reported a minimum wage of 325 dollars (2,250 bolivianos at the official exchange rate), the lowest in South America excluding Venezuela. The average wage in Bolivia’s formal private sector did not exceed 450 dollars. The apparent paradox is that the cheapest energy in the subcontinent coexists with the worst-paid labor force.

Subsidized electricity rates and vehicle fuel compress the cost of reproducing labor power, reducing pressure to increase nominal incomes. In other words, the basic basket appears “cheap” because the State absorbs part of the energy cost, allowing employers to maintain low wages without triggering social unrest. Thus, the subsidy functions as an indirect wage that, far from empowering workers, ties them to a model of low income and low consumption.

Furthermore, the distribution of the benefit is deeply regressive. A CEPAL report (2024) on energy subsidies in Latin America notes that, on average, 40% of the value of fuel and electricity subsidies is captured by the wealthiest quintile of the population, which owns vehicles, consumes more electricity, and operates energy-intensive productive activities. In Bolivia, this is magnified: cooperative and mid-sized mining, eastern agroindustry, and heavy transport enjoy subsidized electricity and diesel, while rural households consume barely 80 kWh per month and experience no real relief.

Three Cases for Debate

In the region, there are three paradigmatic cases of energy subsidies that help frame the debate within Bolivia.

Brazil (2002–2016) maintained controlled gasoline and electricity prices as an anti-inflationary tool. The result was a growing deficit at Petrobras, underinvestment in refining, and a crisis that culminated in Dilma Rousseff’s impeachment. Real wages, meanwhile, increased due to conditional transfer programs (Bolsa Família), not because of energy subsidies.

Argentina (2003–2015) froze residential electricity and gas rates; households paid monthly bills of 5 to 10 dollars. Simultaneously, the minimum wage rose above 500 nominal dollars, but the fiscal deficit in the energy sector multiplied eightfold and gas production fell. When subsidies were partially removed between 2016 and 2018, inflation surged and real wages collapsed. The conclusion: the subsidy had not created wealth, it had merely disguised it.

Chile chose the opposite path. Tariffs reflect the marginal cost of generation and are reviewed semiannually. There are targeted subsidies (Tariff Equity Law) for the most vulnerable 40%, but the base price is real. Chile’s minimum wage is double Bolivia’s, and median productivity is four times higher. The lesson is that correct price signals facilitate investment, promote efficiency, and, within a solid institutional framework, do not impoverish households.

In Bolivia, removing subsidies usually raises the specter of the “gasolinazo” and instability. But maintaining them is not free either: the Public Social Security Manager currently holds assets exceeding 29.5 billion dollars, mostly invested in state debt instruments and low-yield deposits. According to financial analyst Edith Gálvez, consulted for this series, a YPFB and ENDE bond program to finance the development of Mayaya, Bermejo, and new renewable generation would redirect part of that savings pool toward productive domestic assets. “In this way, an orderly lifting of the subsidy — accompanied by a progressive increase in the minimum wage and direct compensation mechanisms for households — would break the cycle of cheap energy, low productivity, stagnant wages, and pensions disconnected from the real economy.”

Financing Sovereignty

Gálvez outlines an alternative scenario that avoids the false dilemma of “State or private sector.” “The real knot is the subsidy, not ownership,” she says. “If gas and electricity prices are liberalized, the domestic market will reflect their real cost. That allows hydroelectric, solar, or wind projects to become viable without artificial premiums. The State, through ENDE and YPFB, can participate on equal footing with private actors, provided contracts guarantee reinvestment and transparency.”

“There is one point subsidy defenders never mention,” Gálvez adds. “ENDE sells energy at 15 dollars per megawatt-hour, but when it buys a new turbine, it pays international market prices — roughly one million dollars per installed megawatt, plus engineering services and logistics. The same applies to transmission lines or power transformers. That gap between subsidized revenues and real investment costs is what silently decapitalizes the state company. If we want ENDE to compete, invest, and lead the transition, the first step is for its revenues to reflect the real cost of generating and transmitting electricity. Otherwise, we are condemning it to remain a large but financially fragile company dependent on fiscal transfers to avoid deterioration.”

Gálvez also projects a long-term horizon: “Bolivia could pursue full electrification of the public and private vehicle fleet, using remaining gas as a bridge while small run-of-river hydroelectric plants are built. That program would absorb the temporary electricity oversupply, create stable demand for Mayaya and Bermejo, and, together with a Lithium Law requiring domestic industrialization, attract Chinese, Russian, or other foreign investment to manufacture batteries and electric vehicles inside Bolivia, generating quality employment and royalties. With real energy prices, wages will tend to rise because workers will no longer depend on a hidden subsidy, but on their productivity.”

“We are not condemned to blackouts or predatory privatization,” Gálvez concludes. “Gas from Mayaya and Bermejo, financed with domestic savings, and a regulated opening of generation to renewables, can sustain a transition in which the State maintains strategic control and Bolivians begin to earn what their work is truly worth.”


Bonds for Sovereignty: Pension Savings to the Rescue

The Public Long-Term Social Security Manager administers nearly 29.5 billion dollars, the country’s largest institutional fund. Today, most of it is invested in Treasury securities and bank deposits.

According to Gálvez, if the fund manager were to purchase YPFB bonds aimed at developing Mayaya and Bermejo — between 300 and 500 million dollars in an initial phase — it would achieve a double objective: improving long-term returns for retirees while providing Bolivia with domestic gas for electricity generation.

The issuance could be structured over 15 years, backed by future production and indexed to the real domestic gas price, without subsidies. This mechanism would avoid sovereign external debt and close the loop between national savings, energy security, and the transition toward a more diversified energy matrix.

The Pension Funds Association has already indicated that there is institutional appetite for infrastructure-linked instruments, provided they carry risk ratings and a regulatory framework guaranteeing cash-flow stability. If the government incorporates this component into its legislative agenda, the “imminent catastrophe” described by traditional diagnoses could become an opportunity for sovereign development.

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