The Gold Mining Dredges Are Cornering the Manuripi Amazon Reserve in Bolivia | Las dragas de la minería del oro acorralan a la reserva amazónica Manuripi en Bolivia

By Iván Paredes Tamayo/ Mongabay Latam, La Region:

At the beginning of 2025, illegal mining even entered the Manuripi reserve. Although there were military operations, the dredges withdrew to nearby areas. With only five park rangers for more than 700,000 hectares, communities denounce fuel smuggling and lack of oversight.

La minería ilegal ingresó a la reserva Manuripi a inicios de 2025. Foto: cortesía Cipca
Illegal mining entered the Manuripi reserve at the beginning of 2025. Photo: courtesy of Cipca

Illegal mining knows no borders. That hunger for gold made its way along the rivers of the Manuripi Amazon Wildlife National Reserve, deep in Bolivia’s Amazon. It advanced with its dredges, which don’t stop for a single minute, and show no respect for protected areas, Indigenous communities, or wildlife habitats. Thus, the department of Pando, in northern Bolivia, is becoming the region most affected by miners’ greed to find gold at any cost.

The Center for Research and Promotion of Peasantry (Cipca), northern Amazon branch, identified seven areas in Manuripi targeted by illegal mining: Gran Progreso, Tacuaral, Santa Martha, Puerto América, Cachuelita, El Cairo, and Providencia. “After Brazil nuts, mining has become an important source of income for communities, especially for the youth, who sell their labor,” reads part of a study by this organization.

The Manuripi Amazon Wildlife National Reserve covers 773,455 hectares of forest. Its territory holds many water sources, endangered animal species, and Indigenous peoples: Yine, Esse Ejja, Cavineño, Yora, Pacahuara, Yaminahua, and Manchineri. Additionally, this reserve is home to 538 plant species, 150 mammals, 501 bird species, 77 reptiles, 83 amphibians, and 112 fish species.

The Manuripi reserve is one of the largest in the Bolivian Amazon. Photo: courtesy of Sernap

Its three main rivers are the Manuripi, Tahuamanu, and Madre de Dios. It was in the last one that mining activity began at the start of this year. Cipca denounced that four companies are operating on this tributary, and the Pando government also confirmed illegal activities extracting gold within the reserve.

In a study published in March this year by researchers Armin Escobar and Douglas Velásquez, the organization stated that Manuripi has historically been a refuge of biodiversity and a cornerstone of the local economy through sustainable Brazil nut harvesting and other forest products.

“In recent years there has been systematic neglect by the State and its operational bodies, leaving the territory exposed to the advance of illegal mining, indiscriminate logging, and wildlife trafficking,” the report says.

Cipca added that “mining is causing water contamination with mercury,” affecting fish and river-dependent communities, causing accelerated deforestation through the destruction of riverbanks and alteration of the river’s course. It also highlights the loss of wildlife due to the expansion of mining settlements and the illegal bushmeat trade, as well as the smuggling of mercury and fuel, which increases the presence of illegal actors in the area.

However, “these activities are being discreetly driven by local sectors whose interests prioritize the economic aspect,” the study adds.

Dredges invaded the Manuripi reserve in early 2025. Photo: courtesy of Cipca

Bolivian senator Cecilia Requena, part of the Citizen Community (CC) alliance, revealed that as early as February, 120 dredges were identified within Manuripi, especially in the Indigenous community of Puerto Palma Real. “At the beginning of this year we learned of a truly scandalous report, this time in Pando, involving illegal mining with dredges,” the legislator warned Mongabay Latam.

Requena stated that the 120 dredges were “truly massive structures located on the Madre de Dios River in Pando, right inside the Manuripi reserve.” “This reflects the dereliction of duty by countless state authorities,” she emphasized. According to Indigenous leadership in the area, mining activities in the protected area are halted, but the damage caused by miners who entered the reserve remains untouched.

The Indigenous Outcry

Winston Maeda, president of the Tacana Buenaventura Indigenous community, said the 120 dredges entered Manuripi in December 2024 from the municipality of Riberalta, located in the department of Beni. These vessels crossed a large stretch of the Madre de Dios River until they reached the protected area.

The Indigenous leader said those dredges have now “disappeared,” but insisted that “they left the river contaminated and damaged our reserve.” Maeda also denounced that miners continue to operate illegally around the protected area.

“We don’t know if they’re big companies, but there was illegal mining inside our Manuripi reserve, and now they’re nearby again, extracting gold mainly in the Madre de Dios. That’s why we’ve called for state intervention,” Maeda demanded.

The Pando government, through the Secretariat of Mother Earth, confirmed the presence of rafts within the protected area in March, after receiving public reports of illegal mining inside the Amazon reserve. The governor of that region, Regis Richter, said at the time that there was “illegal mining activity” inside the protected area. The authority reached the area via the Madre de Dios River and confirmed the presence of gold miners.

“The Manuripi reserve is an invaluable heritage. In compliance with current environmental regulations, we have filed the corresponding complaints and will not stop our efforts to ensure its protection and conservation,” Richter said at the time. Now, the Secretariat of Mother Earth of the Pando government reports that after several operations, there is no longer any mining activity in the area.

Illegal mining activity has impacted Manuripi’s biodiversity. Photo: courtesy of Cipca

In light of this situation, senator Corina Ferreira, also of the Citizen Community (CC) alliance and representative of Pando, called on the government to take permanent action to prevent the return of illegal mining activities to the reserve.

“I voiced my deep concern over the reports that in the community of Puerto Palma Real, in the municipality of El Sena, there was environmental damage caused by illegal mining inside the Manuripi reserve, which led to deforestation and contamination of the Amazon,” Ferreira said.

This problem is compounded by fuel smuggling from the municipality of Riberalta, which supplies these illicit operations without any oversight. Fuels are now controlled by the State. However, there are illegal ways for them to reach mining companies.

The Jurisdictional Administrative Mining Authority (Ajam), the public entity that oversees mining in Bolivia, reported that mining activities have been suspended in 13 areas of the Manuripi reserve. According to this office, illegal activities were identified in the municipalities of Filadelfia, Puerto Rico, and El Sena, all in Pando.

Pando and Illegal Mining

Gold mining began expanding into the department of Pando in late 2023. Last year saw a boom in this activity in the Amazonian region. In 2024, the main export product from Pando was raw gold, surpassing Brazil nuts, which are also known as “nueces de Brasil” and are a Bolivian product. This is confirmed by data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), processed by the Bolivian Institute of Foreign Trade (IBCE).

In Pando, gold now tops the list, with 359 kilos of raw gold exported for $19.1 million, followed by 2.2 million kilos of fresh or dried nuts valued at $11.9 million.

One of the rafts operating illegally in the Manuripi reserve. It was found after a raid. Photo: courtesy of AJAM

Alfredo Zaconeta, a mining researcher from the Center for Labor and Agrarian Development Studies (Cedla), explained that in Pando the main mining operator is a single cooperative, which has extended its work along several rivers. He recalled that in July 2023 this cooperative promoted a blockade in Riberalta, Beni—where it is based—demanding the release of 57 detainees caught practicing illegal mining on the Madre de Dios River.

“This illegality is directly linked to factors such as lack of mining permits, but also to the association of legally established mining cooperatives with private capital, whether national or foreign. They operate through rafts to extract gold-bearing sediment, which is then processed with mercury and sold,” Zaconeta told Mongabay Latam.

According to a Cedla study conducted by Zaconeta, mining activity exists—both legal and illegal—in all 15 municipalities of Pando. Among them, three concentrate the most new gold exploitation requests: 50 in San Pedro, 50 in Nueva Manoa, and 40 in Puerto Rico. “In San Pedro and Puerto Rico in Pando, nearly 140,000 hectares were requested for exploration in both 2021 and 2023,” the report states.

However, Zaconeta noted that legal mining in Pando appears to be decreasing, while illegal activity is growing—even reaching towns along the border with Brazil.

Furthermore, the study shows that in Pando, 100% of gold mining areas are related to rivers, especially the Madre de Dios, which is practically under concession along its entire length, nearly 400 kilometers. A similar situation occurs on the Madera River, and there are also mining areas along most of the Orthon River and parts of the Tahuamanu, Manuripi, and Abuná Rivers.

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