Bolivia’s Economy Faces Multiple Fronts; Government May Leave Behind a “Time Bomb” | La economía de Bolivia sortea varios frentes; Gobierno dejaría “una bomba de tiempo”

By Daniel Salazar, Bloomberg Linea:

The general elections scheduled for August 17, 2025, could mark a turning point for the country’s credit rating. Moody’s believes that “significant policy measures are unlikely to be taken before that date.”

Un quiosco de cambio de divisas en una calle de La Paz, Bolivia, el jueves 30 de marzo de 2023.
Bolivia’s economy faces multiple fronts; Government may leave behind a “time bomb.” A currency exchange kiosk on a street in La Paz, Bolivia, Thursday, March 30, 2023. (Bloomberg/Marcelo Perez del Carpio)

Bloomberg Línea — Moody’s downgrade of Bolivia’s credit rating from Caa3 to Ca, placing it deeper into speculative territory, weakens the outlook on the country’s ability to meet its obligations and would hinder access to financing, meaning the current government may be “leaving a time bomb” for the next political cycle.

Moody’s downgraded Bolivia to the second-lowest level on its scale, reflecting very weak governance that has driven the country toward a heightened risk of balance of payments crisis and sovereign default. Meanwhile, internal shocks are limiting Bolivia’s ability “to stabilize already very low foreign currency reserves and stop the continued deterioration of economic and financial conditions,” Moody’s said in a statement.

The country is facing a critical need for dollar liquidity, which is essential for the government to avoid serious problems with the balance of payments, debt servicing, and fuel imports.

This situation has generated significant uncertainty and an unfavorable outlook for investors, lenders, and international market players—an element Moody’s likely considered when lowering Bolivia’s credit rating.

In other words, “the current government is leaving behind a time bomb for the next political cycle,” said Jonathan Fortun, an economist at the Institute of International Finance (IIF). “The decisions not made today will become tighter constraints tomorrow.”

Moody’s downgrade is not just a technical judgment—it’s also a political signal that, according to the IIF analyst, forewarns of a potential crisis of governance unless the country urgently redefines its fiscal framework and financial engagement.

Fortun explains that credit conditions “were already prohibitive well before this downgrade,” and now the outlook worsens because it adds pressure on current bondholders.

Some institutional investors may be forced to liquidate their holdings due to internal portfolio restrictions, which could lead to further losses on Bolivian securities in secondary markets. “The perception is no longer of an issuer facing temporary liquidity issues, but of a sovereign with a high likelihood of default,” Fortun stated.

Bolivia’s Rating Declines Further

La sede de Moody's Corp. en Nueva York.
Moody’s . Headquarters of Moody’s Corp. in New York.(Jeenah Moon)

Fitch Ratings had already downgraded Bolivia’s credit rating to CCC- from CCC in January, while S&P Global Ratings affirmed its CCC+ rating with a negative outlook in October.

The new downgrade is “a bad signal for international markets because, while the risk as indicated by Moody’s is long-term, it casts doubt—or at least greater uncertainty—on the Bolivian government’s ability to repay its external debt,” said Luis Fernando Romero Torrejón, president of the Departmental College of Economists of Tarija.

In an analysis he published on the issue, Romero noted that since 2021, Bolivia’s credit ratings “have continued to fall, showing a clear trend of downgrades year after year.” “Clearly, these downgrades in recent years are not coincidental or circumstantial, but rather causal and structural.”

Moody’s downgrade to Ca would, above all, confirm the difficulties Bolivia has faced in accessing voluntary financing in international markets for several years now.

According to Romero, it will now be even harder to obtain loans and attract foreign investment. “Few will dare take the risk in such a precarious macroeconomic, political, and social environment, where there is currently no economic or legal certainty.”

Economic Tensions for Bolivia

Vistas de la capital y metrópolis más alta del mundo
Views of the world’s highest capital and metropolis
Aymaras walk past Bolivia’s National Congress, or Legislative Palace, after an indigenous gathering at Plaza Murillo in La Paz, Bolivia, Tuesday, September 6, 2016. (Bloomberg/Marcelo Perez del Carpio)

Bolivia is facing a scenario marked by falling international reserves, several years of fiscal deficits, a trade balance worsened by a currency crisis, high public debt, a lack of foreign currency, pressure from the fixed exchange rate, and challenges related to fuel subsidies.

For economist Jonathan Fortun, the structural backdrop justifying the downgrade involves a combination of persistent deficits, severely limited liquid reserves, and a steep drop in energy export revenues.

“Although the Central Bank reported US$2.3 billion in international reserves as of March 2025, it’s known that the liquid component is minimal and most of it consists of gold and non-liquid assets. This severely limits the State’s ability to respond to external shocks or meet short-term commitments,” said Fortun.

At the same time, debt maturities are concentrated in the coming years, putting more pressure on Bolivia’s economy.

The Institute of International Finance estimates that Bolivia has more than US$380 million in debt payments due in 2026, and over US$650 million in March 2028, mainly in capital amortizations.

What Moody’s sees is not only the lack of approved loans, but the structural inability of the State to respond to a fiscal emergency. The combination of opacity in public accounts, the absence of official data on the 2024 fiscal year-end, and a Congress that blocks even routine operations is evidence of an environment where the risk of inaction has become institutionalized.

Jonathan Fortun, economist at the Institute of International Finance.

The general elections scheduled for August 17, 2025, could mark a turning point for the country’s risk rating, although Moody’s believes that “significant policy measures are unlikely to be taken before that date.”

For Romero Torrejón, “there are measures that could be adopted by this and the next government to reverse this negative trend—it all depends on political will; not all is lost.”

These measures refer to the need to adopt effective policies to curb the country’s rampant inflation, and to facilitate exports in general—especially of non-traditional products—through administrative and fiscal improvements, including lifting the ban on external sales of soybeans and beef. He also suggests:

  • Protecting international reserves: strengthening Net International Reserves (NIR), particularly foreign currency, avoiding the sale or pledging of gold.
  • Ensuring fuel supply: guaranteeing fuel availability for the country’s economic and productive sectors.
  • Improving foreign currency liquidity: implementing mechanisms to increase currency availability in both the public and private sectors.
  • Strengthening governance and governability: promoting pragmatic dialogue between the ruling party, the opposition, social sectors, and especially the private sector..

Government’s Response to the Credit Rating Agencies

Los cambistas y casas de cambio bolivianos también se ven afectados por la escasez de dólares
Bolivian money changers and exchange houses are also affected by the dollar shortage
Bolivian money changers and exchange houses are also affected by the dollar shortage. An exchange house in La Paz, Bolivia, Thursday, March 30, 2023. (Bloomberg/Marcelo Perez del Carpio)

In January, when Fitch Ratings downgraded Bolivia’s rating, Economy Minister Marcelo Montenegro said in an interview with state television that “what the rating agencies say are not necessarily balanced assessments or based on a totally clear and unbiased analysis.”

Montenegro claimed that the country’s progress in reducing debt and in servicing existing debt was supposedly not taken into account at the time.

These same arguments were once again used to refute the latest Moody’s report, according to local press reports.

He also said at the time that economic indicators were improving and that the effects of internal road blockades—“which have hurt productive activity, producers’ incomes, and consumers’ wallets”—were supposedly not taken into account.

According to the most recent report from the Central Bank of Bolivia, as of February 2025, the external debt balance stood at US$13.45 billion, which the entity says represents around 24% of Bolivia’s GDP. However, it’s important to note that at the end of 2024, it was US$13.345 billion—the highest recorded since 1996—indicating a rising trend in recent years.

Luis Fernando Romero Torrejón, president of the Departmental College of Economists of Tarija.

“The economic model works,” said the Bolivian minister, responding to the warnings issued by various economists in the country about the government’s current economic framework.

According to the government, the blockade of credit approvals in the Legislative Assembly may have also affected the country’s risk perception.

The government accuses opposition members in the legislature of blocking approval of more than US$1.6 billion in external loans.

However, analysts say the legislative blockade is a visible symptom of a much deeper institutional degradation. “It’s not the root of the problem, but a clear sign of the collapse of basic governance mechanisms,” according to Fortun.

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