Undergoing economic, energy, and education crisis | Experimentando crisis económica, energética y educativa

By El Diario:

Government seeks to retain power

Analysts: Bolivia is experiencing an economic, energy, and education crisis

  • Bolivia’s economy has not changed its productive model; it still depends on the sale of natural resources.
  • Traditional sectors account for more than 70% of exports: mining and hydrocarbons.

The current administration of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) has led Bolivia into an economic, energy, and education crisis. Now, the government’s concern is focused on retaining power rather than solving the disaster caused by its improvised economic policies, without considering that the main problem lies in its excessive public spending, which feeds loss-making state-owned companies, according to analysts.

This perception also appears to be shared by Moody’s, which recently downgraded Bolivia’s credit rating again, noting a weak government with a risk of default.

“The economy is falling apart, Moody’s downgraded our rating to Ca, international liquid reserves are around 50 million dollars, and inflation is soaring at 14.6%. But the government continues to deny the crisis. It wouldn’t be surprising if the next one arrested is the data—on charges of statistical sedition,” wrote economist Gonzalo Chávez on his account @GonzaloCHavezA.

Economists warned in 2014 that Bolivia’s economy had entered a period of slowdown, when that year’s indicator dropped compared to 2013. However, authorities insisted on continued spending to drive growth and reduced international reserves.

At the time, economist and professor at the Technical University of Oruro (UTO), Ernesto Bernal, pointed out that the economy began to decelerate from 2014 due to low oil and gas prices. He also suggested the government should change its economic model.

As a reminder, in 2013 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 6.8%. In subsequent years, that figure steadily declined until it reached 2.2% in 2019. Then the pandemic in 2020 caused a -8.7% recession, and in 2021 a statistical rebound brought a 6.1% increase. But the pattern repeated: a year later, the government’s projections fell far short of reality.

International organizations and Bolivian economists independently agreed that growth in 2024 would not exceed 2%, and might be only slightly more—far below the government’s projection of 3.71%. For this year, 2025, the estimate has been lowered to 3.51%, while inflation is expected to rise to 7.5%.

The economic slowdown has been accompanied by a shortage of foreign currency, fuel scarcity, and inflation. The president of the Tarija Departmental College of Economists, Fernando Romero, said in an interview with this media outlet that the dollar shortage began when the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) announced it would buy U.S. currency from exporters at a rate higher than the official exchange rate.

This move triggered a currency shortage and the creation of a parallel market, as the BCB was unable to meet demand for dollars at the official rate. Desperate entrepreneurs and traders turned to the parallel market. The dollar is currently trading above 13 bolivianos.

Energy
The government’s dollar shortage and storms at the port of Iquique, Chile, caused last year’s fuel shortages—an issue that persists today. Service stations display “no gasoline” signs, and long lines of trucks wait to fill up on diesel for work.

This situation is due to declining gas and liquid production, stemming from the lack of exploration during Evo Morales’s administration—despite the then-Minister of Economy and Public Finance, Luis Arce, having the resources from the international oil price boom to invest in this area.

Production dropped from 60 million cubic meters per day (MMmcd) in 2014 to 32 MMmcd in 2024, and it is expected to fall further to 26 MMmcd this year, according to the Jubileo Foundation.

As a result, fuel imports and associated subsidies have increased annually. Budgets for subsidies have been exceeded and, in some cases, tripled, while import costs have also risen—approaching 4 billion dollars.

Bolivia needs, on average, 11 million dollars per day to import fuel—resources that are currently unavailable due to the shortage of foreign currency. This was warned by energy expert Raúl Velázquez from the Jubileo Foundation, according to a post by Fides Bolivia radio on its account @GrupoFides.

Chávez has also reiterated on social media that Bolivia has lost about 4 billion dollars in revenue. He explained that during the high oil price boom years, income reached 6 billion dollars, but in recent years that figure has barely exceeded 2 billion.

Economist and former BCB director Gabriel Espinoza asked on his account @g_espinoza: Why is the government increasing the ethanol percentage to levels likely incompatible with most of the country’s vehicle fleet?

“For a very simple reason: it’s not just that we don’t have dollars to import fuel (first bad news: on average, in 2023, we imported 55% of the gasoline we consumed—the highest figure in recent history), but also our production is plummeting (second bad news: for that reason, in the short and medium term, we’ll need even more dollars),” he reflects.

He argues that Bolivia’s economic situation is so dire that the appropriate comparison is not with Argentina (which produces much of what it consumes and now has a positive energy outlook), but with cases like Sri Lanka or Libya, which ran out of energy, food, and dollars in a short period—where prices rose rapidly and shortages began to appear in essential supply chains.

Education
Chávez not only points to an economic crisis, but also notes that the current administration has pushed education into crisis as well, as shown in a study conducted by the Plurinational Observatory for Educational Quality.

International media outlets such as Infobae headlined their concern over Bolivia’s education level: only three out of every 100 students passed math and chemistry in a diagnostic exam.

The study was carried out by the Plurinational Observatory for Educational Quality, and 40,000 students from public and private schools in both rural and urban areas participated in the test.

Moreover, in 2021, a study by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) concluded that education levels in Bolivia were low in subjects such as Mathematics, Reading, and Science, according to the Santa Cruz-based outlet El Deber.

As a reminder, the ruling party implemented the Avelino Siñani Law with the goal of improving the country’s educational quality. However, it appears that the law has failed to achieve its objectives.

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