What Needs to Be Done to Stabilize and Resume Growth? | ¿Qué hacer para estabilizar y retomar el crecimiento?

By Juan Antonio Morales, Brujula Digital:

Resuming growth is a key objective of economic policy. However, macroeconomic stabilization must come first. Bloomberg (|20|11|24|) classifies Bolivia’s crisis as a classic balance-of-payments crisis. The recipe to address this issue is well-known and doesn’t require reinventing the wheel, though it does demand a significant political agreement:

  1. Exchange Rate Liberalization: To unify exchange rates.
  2. Strict Monetary Policy: As stipulated in Article 22 of the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) law.
  3. Strict Fiscal Policy: This must accompany monetary policy by reducing fuel subsidies and shutting down chronically deficit-ridden public companies.
  4. Credit Market Liberalization: Remove caps on interest rates and eliminate sectoral allocations. Liberalizing the credit market could help ease upward pressure on the exchange rate.
  5. Engage the IMF: To bridge the transition by providing financial and technical assistance.
  6. Reschedule External Debt Payments.
  7. Establish a Support Group for Bolivia: Similar to the Paris Consultative Group, with sponsorship from the World Bank.
  8. Create Mechanisms to Protect Vulnerable Families: Similar to the Social Emergency Fund of the 1980s, to minimize the so-called “sacrifice coefficient,” which measures the increase in unemployment per point of inflation reduction.

Measures 1 through 5 constitute radical economic surgery, which has significant social costs that cannot be underestimated. These measures are not proposed out of cruelty but because there are no alternatives. The hope lies in the economy recovering quickly.


Sustainable Long-Term Growth

Sustainable growth in the long term depends on productivity growth, which in turn hinges on macroeconomic stability. However, stability alone is not enough. Microeconomic and industrial organization considerations must also be addressed to achieve this goal.

Bolivia can once again benefit from its natural wealth in silver, tin, lithium, and rare earth elements, leveraging changes in the international context and the foreseeable demand arising from the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Ideally, the country should open up to foreign investment, partnering with reputable companies that are willing to maintain their good standing, pay reasonable taxes, and adhere to necessary environmental safeguards. A recent report by the Milenio Foundation provides an excellent basis for discussion.

Hydrocarbons must not be overlooked either, but they require a complete overhaul of YPFB and the modernization of legislation to attract foreign investment.


Other Sectors for Growth

Bolivia could focus on a vigorous agro-industrial development strategy that is environmentally responsible. Promising prospects also exist in manufacturing sectors, emphasizing quality in llama, alpaca, and cotton textiles, silver and pewter jewelry, wooden furniture, and the food industry, including dairy products, chocolates, and wines. MERCOSUR could be an appealing market, especially if a satisfactory agreement is reached with the European Union.

International trade in services also holds promise. Bolivia could target receptive tourism, software development, engineering, and medical services. The country could take greater advantage of telework opportunities, enabling its large number of university graduates to work for international companies without leaving the country. Cochabamba’s IT companies offer an inspiring example.


Developing a Broad-Based Industrial Sector

A wide-ranging industrial base, featuring small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) of sufficient scale, is achievable. The modernization of services is also critical. Human capital is more important than ever, and Bolivian universities, both public and private, still have significant progress to make to meet the challenges ahead.

Respect for private property rights is crucial, as economists from the new institutional school remind us. Another indispensable condition is maintaining a competitive real exchange rate.


Juan Antonio Morales is a Ph.D. in economics.

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