Can Nobel Prizes help us understand Bolivia? | ¿Pueden los premios Nobel ayudarnos a entender Bolivia?

By Elizabeth Jiménez Zamora, Brujula Digital:

Acemoglu, Johnson y Robinson/Nobel Prize

The nomination for the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economics brings fresh perspectives to debates about economics and how to address economic crises, challenging the notion of leaving the economy and social welfare exclusively to the market. It’s likely that so-called “libertarian” economists haven’t delved into this work, as including factors like history and inequality in economic analysis might seem too arduous to them.

From the perspective of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, it is precisely these “other” factors that explain why nations “fail” to build politically stable societies with economic growth. Their work emphasizes the role of the institutional context—that is, the set of laws and norms that determine incentives and, therefore, the behavior of all agents, including consumers, producers, entrepreneurs, speculators, and road blockers, among others.

Moreover, a country’s institutional framework also includes codes of conduct (habits and customs) that reflect a society’s culture—essentially, the “how” things are done, which often overrides the “how they should be done” according to the law.

A central question arises: How is this institutional context built? Specifically: Why do societies like Bolivia end up with institutions that promote rent-seeking, bureaucracy, prebendalism, corruption, and the constant blockades that paralyze the economy? The laureates argue that this construction is “endogenous,” meaning it results from and is explained by historical structural conditions that have led to inequalities and wealth concentration. This process unfolds over history, is non-linear, and is not solely defined by the State through its policies.

The State, for instance, through the Legislative Assembly, issues laws to organize public enterprises or decide whether to exploit lithium with international consortia, among other alternatives. However, the State is not the only entity wielding this power. There are groups with economic power (such as agro-industrial entrepreneurs or mining cooperatives) that can “bend” regulations to suit their individual or collective interests. Additionally, there exists a “de facto” political power stemming from the collective action capacity of certain social groups, which at times can break the existing institutional framework and change the “course of history.” How does all this manifest in Bolivia?

At the beginning of 2024, as a result of recent wildfires, Bolivia lost nearly 10 million hectares of Amazon rainforest. This outcome reflects the strong economic power that succeeded in establishing a set of laws aimed at consolidating an extractivist agricultural model involving various actors, including agro-industrial entrepreneurs, cattle ranchers, mid-sized producers, and the so-called interculturales—all driven by the perverse incentive to maximize short-term gains, even at the expense of long-term societal loss.

The role of collective action is evident in several recent episodes that highlight its importance in shaping Bolivia’s institutional framework. The so-called “water war” of 2000, for instance, resulted from organized collective action that prevented water privatization during Banzer’s administration. In 2003, the “gas war” began with demands not to export natural gas to Chile, followed by calls for a Constituent Assembly to reorganize the State, and ultimately demands for the resignation of then-President Sánchez de Lozada, who ended up fleeing the country.

By late October 2024, we are once again witnessing social groups with de facto political power challenging the existing institutional framework to assert their right to a voice and action. Regardless of the motivations behind these movements, their capacity for collective action and mobilization cannot be denied. The pressing question is: Will the blockades of October 2024 manage to change the institutional framework and the course of history?

The institutional framework of an economy like Bolivia’s results from a hybrid set of laws and norms. Some laws are modeled after what worked in other countries but generally went unenforced. Others were tailor-made to serve the interests of groups with strong economic power capable of bending regulations in their favor. Finally, there are also the actions of social groups that, acting collectively at critical historical moments, managed to change the existing institutional framework.

Returning to the economic crisis, it is clear that economic measures must be taken, such as reducing public spending, including eliminating the gasoline subsidy—an issue avoided due to its political consequences. Undoubtedly, implementing shock measures could provide short-term economic stability. However, in the long term, efforts must focus on building a robust institutional framework with laws that are effectively enforced, limiting the ability of groups with de facto economic power to bend the rules, and promoting greater equality of opportunity for all. How can this be achieved? According to the laureates, it requires a strong State with a social commitment. But that is part of another story.

Elizabeth Jiménez Zamora holds a PhD in economic development.

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