Since 2001, Mennonites have cleared 304,308 hectares of forest | Desde 2001, menonitas arrasaron con 304.308 hectáreas de bosque

By Vision 360:

Annually, five new colonies are established in Bolivia

The number of Mennonite colonies in the country has increased since 2015. They no longer only target the forests of Santa Cruz but are also expanding into less common areas for their settlement.

Reunión en una colonia menonita en Santa Cruz.    Foto: Mayra Peñaloza

Meeting at a Mennonite colony in Santa Cruz. Photo: Mayra Peñaloza

“Silent and brutal,” is how the advance of Mennonite deforestation in Santa Cruz is described. For their crops, they do not use already worked lands but rather new, forested areas with high fertility—essentially the forest itself.

Since 2001, in just three areas of Santa Cruz where their colonies are established, they have cleared 304,308 hectares of the region’s forest. But their expansion goes beyond that; it is estimated that up to five new colonies are created annually across the country, now reaching less common areas such as Beni and the northern part of La Paz.

“The government does not have an up-to-date registry, providing very little information to understand this problem. But in reality, Mennonite colonies are always enormous, with a productive system that is not very eco-friendly, aiming to clear as much land as possible. In other words, they have a highly productivist vision that seeks to extract the maximum possible benefit from their land,” said environmental economist Stasiek Czaplicki Cabezas, the main researcher of the report “A fuego y mercurio,” published by Oxfam.

Moving into the Forest

According to German researcher Adalberto J. Kopp, deforestation by Mennonite colonies follows a similar pattern.

They select forested areas with highly fertile soils, clear and prepare the land using mechanical methods or burning to remove native vegetation. Then, they engage in extensive farming, characterized by monocultures of soybeans, corn, and wheat.

Part of their trademark approach is the intensive use of agrochemicals and the continuous expansion of the agricultural frontier.

When the soil’s fertility is exhausted or they encounter environmental or social restrictions, the colonies seek new forest areas to repeat the process.

ABT seizes illegally logged timber on Mennonite property. Photo: ABT

The same development is occurring in Bolivia. In fact, their participation in the oilseed business is significant. According to research conducted by Kopp for Fundación Tierra (2015), Mennonite colonies produced 16% of the national soybean crop. The revenue generated then amounted to $127 million. If that percentage has remained constant, it should have exceeded $261 million in 2022.

Despite this contribution, their impact is visible, but there are no official data on the number of Mennonite colonies in the country. Some studies have identified 90, 100, and even 120 colonies. Although the exact number is unknown, their locations are well-known.

Most of the settlements are found in three of the main deforestation zones identified by Fundación Tierra in Santa Cruz: the soy nucleus, the Integrated North, and the Chaco region.

“Between 2001 and the present date, a loss of 304,308 hectares of forest has been recorded within the areas occupied by Mennonite colonies up to 2019, representing more than a third of their total extent. Notably, 44% of this forest loss occurred between 2016 and 2022, demonstrating a significant acceleration in the contribution of Mennonite colonies to deforestation in recent years,” states the report A fuego y mercurio.

The report explains that during the period from 2016 to 2021, deforestation within Mennonite colonies accounted for 7.3% of the national total. This figure does not include the estimated expansion of five new colonies per year from 2019 to 2021.

Out of the 304,308 hectares of forest lost, 11,642 hectares were located in areas whose forest function prohibits deforestation, including national or departmental parks, protected forests, limited-use forest areas, rivers, and lagoons.

Although these figures do not represent a majority of the total, the fact that deforestation occurred in 16 colonies and, in most cases, took place over several years, indicates non-compliance with the land-use guidelines established by the departmental Land Use Plan (Plus).

Increasing Presence

Mennonites have been in Bolivia since 1954. Their presence is noticeable, even from a satellite view, due to the linear pattern of their crops.

Since their arrival, their main settlements have been consolidated across the “expansion cruceña” zone. This region concentrates more than two-thirds of the cultivated land, dominated by the large-scale agroindustrial model oriented towards export.

A young Mennonite from a colony in the San José de Chiquitos province. Photo Ivone Juárez

As of 2019, the most recent data available, a total of 90 Mennonite colonies were identified in Bolivia. These colonies managed to cover an area of over one million hectares, making it the second largest extension after Paraguay, according to Yann le Polain de Waroux (2021).

“If one reviews the figures of new colonies that have been identified over five-year periods, based on the study by Yann le Polain de Waroux, between 2015 and 2019, 16 new colonies were established, which is more than three colonies per year. But at the same time, we know that this mapping is incomplete; there is already data undergoing verification that indicates many more colonies, which are already above 120,” Czaplicki detailed.

According to the data from Le Polain de Waroux, in the 1960s, a Mennonite colony was created in the country, while from 1964 to 1969, there were four new colonies. Between 1989 and 1994, the number of new colonies reached seven, and for the five-year period from 2004 to 2009, there were 15. Between 2014 and 2019, new settlements totaled 16.

Looking at this data, it can be established that colonies are being created at a rate of three to five new ones, especially in recent years. This information shows us that there is a demographic shift.

“The children of the members of the colonies established several years ago are now reaching maturity and, as adults, they need and seek new lands. This leads to the formation of new colonies. Furthermore, these may have smaller land areas than in the early years, but that does not mean they are few,” the researcher added.

Due to their agricultural vocation and high fertility rate, to establish a new colony, Mennonites seek contiguous lands, preferably in remote and predominantly forested locations. These areas vary in size, ranging from 4,000 to 16,000 hectares.

However, the colonies established in the last decade tend to be smaller compared to previous periods, suggesting a trend toward the formation of smaller colonies. This could be due to the increasing difficulty in acquiring land that meets their desired requirements.

“This may have to do not so much with the absence of land for them, but rather with the lack of legal land over 10,000 hectares that is forested. Because Mennonites always buy forest land and they deforest it themselves,” Czaplicki noted.

While Bolivia continues to be a preferred destination for migrant Mennonites from other nations, in recent years it has also become a country of origin. From Bolivia, various groups have departed to countries like Peru and Suriname, according to research by journalist Fernando Soria (2024) and Brehaut, I. (2023).

Additionally, due to this need for land, they also migrate within the country. They are no longer only moving within Santa Cruz; there is now data on colonies in Beni and northern La Paz, two regions that are unusual for their settlements.

A contentious relationship with Mennonites

Last Tuesday, an indigenous march departed from Chiquitania, Alto and Bajo Paraguá, in rejection of illegal settlements, not only from intercultural communities but also from Mennonite colonies. They stated that for years they have been in conflict over land invasions, deforestation, and damage to wildlife in protected areas perpetrated by these sectors.

“We are not against private productive activity; they are a source of economic dynamism. However, it is important that their activities adapt and consider environmental and social criteria so that they do not harm the ecosystem and biodiversity, water, and the health of communities; that agroecology, sustainable livestock, grazing, and other nature-friendly activities are adopted,” stated Lordy Suárez, chief of the San Simón community.

In 2022, the construction of a bridge over the Parapetí River benefited the Mennonite colonies. This project, uncovered by a report from Nómadas magazine, broke the natural barrier of Kaa Iya National Park, where sightings of uncontacted tribes had occurred.

In another conflict, the colonies began to dig wells and deforest the area surrounding Laguna Concepción. It didn’t matter that the wetlands in the area were crucial for the survival of the entire natural lagoon.

But the dispute is not only with indigenous people. In 2022, there was an attempt to recover land from a Mennonite community that was settled on state land. However, the action was driven by a group of intercultural individuals (aligned with the MAS government) who were requesting the land to establish their community. 

Mennonites from the free colonies, seeking a different life. Photo: Mayra Peñaloza.

They have also been caught up in allegations of land trafficking and even as victims of extortion by Bolivian authorities.

In 2010, the then Deputy Minister of Interior was accused by a group of Mennonites, along with the Minister of the Presidency, of forming an extortion network targeting this population. In 2013, a Mennonite citizen claimed to have evidence to report a prosecutor who had previously worked at INRA and demanded thousands of dollars from several Mennonites. He stated that multiple government officials were involved.

In 2018, Senator Yerko Núñez denounced that three ministers failed to comply with an order to recover lands that were in the hands of Mennonites. That same year, the brother of a minister was sent to prison for defrauding one of these colonies.

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