Was nationalization worth it? | ¿Valió la pena la nacionalización?

By Henry Oporto, El Deber:

This May 1st, as MAS factions celebrate a new anniversary of the 2006 hydrocarbon nationalization, the country’s demeanor will be different: instead of approval and enthusiasm, a face of frustration and discouragement will likely emerge. The era of illusions has passed; worries and fears now prevail.

With the perspective of time and considering the concrete results, Bolivians have enough elements to reassess the real impact of that measure. It’s true that over the years, much ink has been spilled in articles, chronicles, and books. Many specialists and political analysts have studied that measure; perhaps the most iconic of the MAS government, which would define the character of the political regime established 18 years ago. Indeed, nationalization defined the statist and populist profile of the hydrocarbon policy that radically changed the policy of openness to foreign capital – applied by successive governments – as the cornerstone of an energy and national development project towards the 21st century.

It is also true that for a long time, public opinion was tainted by intense propaganda campaigns; indeed, biased in political narrative, arguments, and presented data. The official story found resonance in the illusions of a country impatient for the benefits of a promising business. It was undoubtedly fueled by rent-seeking expectations encouraged by opportunistic politicians, unions, and corporate groups – anchored in a political culture prone to state patrimonialism and clientelism as sources of benefits and privileges.

But there were voices warning of the danger of killing the golden goose by handing over control of the oil industry to YPFB (without managerial, technological, and financial capacity), as well as undermining investors’ confidence in the country. These voices rowed against the current without managing to stop it. Nationalization was fortunate to coincide with the super cycle of commodities that drove up international prices (the price of gas quadrupled, and perhaps more). The immediate result was a huge leap in gas production and exports, which, of course, turned oil revenue into the largest source of fiscal income and the financial backbone of an extensive clientelist network in the hands of the ruling party.

Amid nationalist euphoria, little attention was paid to the fact that this resource bonanza was made possible by exploratory investments made several years earlier, which led to the discovery of large natural gas fields. Nor was it wanted to hear that if the investment process was interrupted, the virtuous cycle of reserves-production-export-replenishment of reserves would be eroded, and gas supply would tend to plummet. But all that seemed not to matter much; nor did the warning that by postponing the search for new reserves, the productive capacity would not expand. The priority at that moment was to maximize government revenue, so it could spend lavishly, as it did indeed. Populist waste was the substitute for the lack of a forward-looking economic transformation and energy production project.

Unlike other nationalizations, the one in 2006 did not expropriate assets or facilities, but it did force foreign oil companies to sign new contracts to continue operating the fields; they, pragmatically, chose to recover their investments and take advantage of the price boom. The consequence is the overexploitation and depletion of gas fields, which we are now suffering.

The current situation is bleak: gas production continues to decline endlessly; there are no discoveries that improve the reserves/production ratio. Despite high international prices, gas sales have been plummeting since 2014. To the decline in production is added the lower demand from Brazil and Argentina, whose own production is growing rapidly. The paradox of nationalization is having urged the decision of neighbors to accelerate the search for gas reserves; in fact, they depend much less on Bolivian gas and could even do without it, while pursuing their energy integration. The “gas war” first, and nationalization later, buried Bolivia’s project to export LNG to North America, which would have diversified markets and attracted greater exploratory investment.

Meanwhile, the demand for gas within our borders continues to grow. National consumption means there are fewer volumes available to sell abroad. Even more serious is the need to import fuels. Indeed, the notable increases in the value of diesel and gasoline imports are due both to the rise in crude oil prices and to the greater domestic demand for fuels. This, along with the freezing of internal prices, causes two effects: the sustained increase in subsidies for domestic consumption, and the continuous draining of foreign exchange from the Central Bank. Subsidies are a key item of public expenditure and, consequently, of the bulging fiscal deficit of a decade.

The sad story is this: a country that dreamed of being the energy center of South America, even of exporting energy beyond the regional market, by building liquefaction plants in the Pacific, has become a net energy importer (the value of natural gas exported is less than the value of imported fuels). As gas production suffers a structural collapse, fulfilling export commitments has become increasingly difficult; eventually, we will need to import gas to meet domestic demand.

In summary, nationalization paralyzed exploratory investments; the key factor to support production, expand exports, and provide funds for public investment and social programs. International confidence in Bolivia was shattered. Political friendship or ideological affinity did not prevent the mishap. Lula, in Brazil, swallowed the humiliation, but his government invested millions to not depend on an irresolute supplier. Argentina signed a contract, which it needed, but it did not stop seeking alternative sources of supply. Chile closed its hopes for a new positive commercial and political relationship with Bolivia. Peru did not miss the opportunity to advance its own gas projects. And the North American market forgot about Bolivian gas.

The legacy of the MAS policy is to have destroyed an industry that could have changed Bolivia’s destiny and position in the region. What remains is the debacle of YPFB, a fiscally bankrupt state, a sinking economy, a country exposed to shortages and an energy crisis. How long will it take to rebuild the oil industry? Those who associate sovereignty with public enterprises and state control over the economy must learn from the nationalizing adventure: there is no nation more vulnerable than one that cannot secure its sources of energy.

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