The Bolivian energy black hole | El agujero negro energético boliviano

Alvaro Ríos, El Deber:

In astronomical jargon, a black hole can be defined as: A finite region of space described in Einstein’s equations, whose interior has a concentration of mass high enough to generate a gravitational field such that, except for a certain type of quantum processes, no particle or radiation—not even light—can “escape” from it. That is, it devours or transforms everything that passes nearby.

I make this note to make an analogy with the very complex energy situation that Bolivia is going through. The coming energy situation will transform many things in the country, from the economic, social and even political.

For several years, an unusual income was received from natural gas exports and reserves discovered 20 years ago. With this income, it was possible to import diesel and subsidize (gasoline, LPG, gas, electricity) and generate resources for various State institutions, which allowed them to spend heavily on social works and on countless projects, most of them on political and without sustainability. In short, the high income from gas exports massively inflated the coffers of various State institutions.

The Bolivian energy black hole began with the approval of Law 3058 (2005) and the approval of a flat HDI of 32%, without considering that this was a first brake on future exploration and that it constituted a change to the rules of the game and legal certainty. Then came the famous nationalization (2006) that again changed the rules of the game with forced takeover of companies, new conditions in contracts for exploration and gave YPFB and ENDE almost all of the responsibilities in the energy supply chain. The energy entrepreneur State began.

However, since 2013 a decline in the production of oil, gas and condensate could be seen starting in 2015. I warned that this would not allow us to fulfill natural gas export contracts to Argentina and Brazil, if we did not make the decision to generate incentives. to achieve new investments in exploration. They responded to us that there was a sea of gas, that YPFB was the force that moved Bolivia and that we were the energy exporting heart of Latin America. That he was an alarmist and ‘pseudoanalyst’ without knowledge. Time proved me right and that is how we arrived where we are, moving from an energy exporting country to an energy importing country.

Let’s analyze some figures with a cold mind.
From 2012 to 2015, gas exports totaled an annual average of $5,355 million. On the other hand, imports in the same period averaged $990 million annually. An annual average positive energy balance of $us 4,365 million.

Let’s look at 2023 with more normalized international prices and projections at the end of the year. Our gas exports will reach $2,112 million and our imports will reach $2,530 million. An energy deficit of $us 418 million and an approximate subsidy of $us 1,468 million.
This trend is already structural.

Let’s project ourselves to 2029, just half a decade ahead. With the current decline we have we will basically be importing all the gasoline and all the diesel (or maybe some oil so as not to close the refineries) we will be importing a large part of the LPG and starting to import natural gas. The projected figures include an oil price of $80/barrel, 12% ethanol use and a 1,500 barrel per day biodiesel plant. There will be no exports and imports and commercial energy deficit will be approximately $5 billion. The subsidy will reach approximately $3 billion.

Because of this black hole we are referring to. Will very drastic measures have to be taken to gradually remove subsidies? Lift imports so that it can be imported freely and anyone who can pay can do so? A law of concessions to leave statism and enter a more liberal scheme in the economy?

But also, we need real incentives very quickly to see if we can still achieve exploration and import $5,000 to $6,000 million per year or maybe more. Question for public policy makers. Why do they like to import oil at international prices and transportation ($145/barrel in 2023) and we do not remunerate exploration at that price (we do it at $27/barrel)?

Why will we later allow natural gas to be imported from Argentina at six times higher prices and not remunerate that same price to future national production? In the end, exploration pays royalties and creates jobs. Finally, because to encourage and generate real investments we do not defer the HDI and income taxes for 5 to 10 years. Too obvious not to try. In the end, the 32% HDI of zero production is still zero.

Let’s leave ideology aside and save Bolivia and let the energy black hole swallow us up.

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