When finances start to fail | Cuando las finanzas empiezan a fallar

Signs of concern in the Bolivian economy

German Huanca (*)

When finances begin to fail, the symptoms that manifest in a family economy, or a country, are evident. For example, income begins to fall, savings begin to be used and credits or loans increase. What is happening in the Bolivian economy is worrying, the signs are given. Now we are on the verge of a deficit in the balance of payments.

In 2010, the first sign of weakness of the “economic model” was observed when the MAS government attempted to eliminate the fuel subsidy, which is why it promulgated DS 748 on December 26 of that year in order to adjust fuel prices to market movements. The adjustment attempts were in vain, since the population did not accept and preferred that the subsidies continue. Currently, according to the General State Budget for 2023, the programmed subsidies are 8,079 million bolivianos equivalent to 1,160 million dollars, of which 1,097 million dollars correspond to the hydrocarbon subsidy and 63 million dollars to food.

In 2014, the Bolivian economy sent a second structural and visible signal, thus showing that economic sustainability was not guaranteed, this is seen in the fiscal deficit of 3.36%, a product of the fall in income from the sale of gas. to Brazil and Argentina. This indicator from that year until 2022 was negative. For its part, the government, instead of controlling public spending, preferred to finance the fiscal deficit with seigniorage. For the latter to be effective, it carried out a strong campaign to Bolivianize the financial system and in the face of each fiscal deficit in the following years, it increased the monetary issue to capture a part of its purchasing power.

In 2022, the international market sends us a third signal, Bolivia goes out in search of capital and it is found that sovereign bonds are no longer attractive to investors and instead of bringing in 2000 million dollars it only attracts 918 million dollars, curiously bought by the AFPs of Bolivia, thus affecting the resources of retirees without the population expressing itself about it. This time, these resources were necessary to fulfill the commitments made in 2012.

This same year, the fourth signal is given by the abrupt fall of International Reserves. Bolivia accumulated International Reserves up to 15,123 million dollars in 2014, but from that year on it was reduced at a rate of 1,415 million dollars per year, until reaching 3,796 million dollars in 2022. In order to recover the Reserves, the government promulgates Law 1503, intended to buy gold, and thus increase the BCB’s reserves; however, the BCB sold more gold (17tn) than it bought (0.068tn), that is, it reduced reserves instead of increasing them, to pay foreign debt commitments. This fourth sign becomes evident in the population with the shortage of dollars that begins to deal with a parallel (unofficial) exchange rate that reached up to 7.9 Bs for each dollar when the official one is 6.96.

Faced with the need for liquidity, the Bolivian government begins to get rid of more assets and sends a fifth signal about the economic situation, and it occurs through the sale of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs). According to a report from the International Monetary Fund -IMF- it is revealed that Bolivia changed its SDRs for dollars, going from possessing 394 million SDRs (equivalent to 538 million dollars) to only 39 million SDRs (equivalent to 53 million dollars), using thus 90% of the resources that Bolivia had in that organization. The need for liquidity to pay foreign debt commitments is becoming increasingly imminent.

Finally, although the shortage of dollars continues in the economy, the approach of a deficit in the balance of payments, which is the impossibility of paying all imports and external debt, is much greater pressure to force an adjustment in the exchange rate, this from a point of view of economic rationality. This analysis does not incorporate variables from the underground economy. The signals were given, the warnings from economists and analysts were mentioned; However, the MAS government prefers to maintain high public spending, maintain the fiscal deficit and sustain its “economic model” with superfluous and misleading state advertising.

(*) Economist

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