MAS Burned Reserves to Defend Dollar Peg | MAS quemó reservas para sostener el tipo de cambio

By Milton Condori, Vision 360:

MAS Government Used International Reserves to Sustain the Fixed Exchange Rate for 15 Years, Analysts Say

That exchange-rate regime dates back to 2011 and remained in force during the time the governments of the blue party were in power. This week, the government of Rodrigo Paz abolished it.

El tipo de cambio se flexibilizó con una resolución del Ministerio de Economía. Foto: Archivo

The exchange rate was made more flexible through a resolution issued by the Ministry of Economy. Photo: Archive

The exchange rate shifted from a fixed regime, established during the government of Evo Morales, to a flexible regime implemented by the administration of President Rodrigo Paz. For 15 years, governments of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) used international reserves to sustain that exchange-rate regime, according to analysts consulted.

“By spending all the international reserves of the Central Bank of Bolivia, which when this began stood at roughly 15 billion dollars, and that happened throughout all that time. Over 15 years they spent those international reserves. They spent money that had been saved over a very long time,” economist Gonzalo Chávez told Visión 360.

Economist Antonio Saravia argued that MAS governments “maintained that fiction” at the cost of spending international reserves. He told this outlet that when Bolivia entered a crisis, there were no longer reserves available to cover “all those bolivianos that people wanted to exchange for dollars,” and that the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) “cannot sustain that fixed exchange rate because there are no dollars left.”

Reserves and a ‘Corralito’?

According to Chávez, MAS governments, led by Evo Morales and Luis Arce, squandered billions of dollars to sustain the exchange rate. He also claimed that they improperly used the “corralito” applied to the dollar-denominated savings that some people held in banks.

“Not satisfied with the 12 or 13 billion dollars they spent from the international reserves, partly to maintain the exchange rate, they also spent another 3 billion dollars from the corralito imposed by the governments of Evo Morales and Luis Arce Catacora on the dollars held by people in banks. It amounted to roughly one billion dollars per year,” Chávez said.

The fixed exchange rate began to apply in 2011, according to the BCB board of directors at the time, within the framework of the so-called “gradual adjustment exchange-rate regime,” under which, as of November 1, “the Bolsín selling exchange rate was modified to Bs 6.96 per U.S. dollar.”

“Spent, Spent, and Spent”

Saravia agreed with Chávez and stated that Morales’s government rapidly spent the international reserves that had been “saved” thanks to hydrocarbon exports.

“Everything was done at the expense of international reserves. In other words, the Morales government spent, spent, and spent at a very rapid pace, and even so it could not maintain that fiction,” he said.

He explained that by 2014 the country had received more than 60 billion dollars from gas sales and that international reserves had reached nearly 15 billion dollars.

“In the early years it was easy to sustain the exchange rate because there were dollars available. The problem came when the government spent more than it should have and asked the BCB to cover the deficit, and the institution printed bolivianos. So, you injected liquidity into the economy by printing bolivianos, and people used those bolivianos to demand dollars. Then, in order to supply dollars to the market, the government dipped into international reserves at a very rapid pace, and by 2021 this had run out. That is why we experienced a shortage of foreign currency in 2022, and it worsened in 2023,” the economist said.

Failure of “Bolivianization”

The implementation of the fixed exchange rate took place in a context in which Morales’s government sought to strengthen the Bolivian currency, a policy known as “bolivianization.” For Chávez, that strategy was a complete failure.

“It was a failure because they did not achieve it fully. In that sense, the famous bolivianization did not work, because they could not sustain it, and those who defended that policy have now become defenders of the dollar. Those who promoted bolivianization squandered around 15 billion dollars in international reserves, both public and private, to maintain an entirely artificial world for 15 years,” Chávez said.

The fixed exchange rate was abolished last Friday, when the Ministry of Economy established a flexible exchange-rate regime through Ministerial Resolution 245, effectively leaving behind the system that had been in force during the MAS governments.

IMF and the Flexible Regime

To sustain the flexible exchange-rate regime, economist Saravia stated that Bolivia needs an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), because such an agreement would help support the foreign-exchange market; otherwise, he warned, a parallel market could reemerge.

If the government continues spending with both hands, we will continue facing the same problem because it will once again borrow from the BCB, unless it is announced that an agreement will be made with the International Monetary Fund. In that case, we would have dollars in the reserves, and the BCB would not be asked to print money inorganically. That would allow the exchange rate not to fluctuate excessively, but instead to remain within the flexibility that already exists,” the analyst said.

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