One Dollar, Many Risks | Un dólar, muchos riesgos

By Milton Condori, Vision 360:

Government Says Unifying the Exchange Rate Is Essential: What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages?

According to economist Fernando Romero, one of the favorable changes that exchange-rate unification would bring is having a “single exchange rate,” since the market currently operates with “three: the official, the reference, and the parallel rate.” This would also help “bring greater transparency and realism to the economy.”

Billetes de la moneda estadounidense, Foto: RRSS

U.S. dollar banknotes. Photo: Social Media

After overcoming the nationwide road blockades that lasted 53 days, the government, through Economy Minister Gabriel Espinoza, stated that unifying the dollar exchange rate is essential. Economist Fernando Romero noted that the measure would gradually improve the functioning of the financial system and allow the country to operate with a single exchange rate instead of three. However, he argued that it would lack sustainability because loans would be needed to support it.

Espinoza emphasized that the measure was part of the government’s roadmap for economic recovery, but that plan was interrupted by the road blockades that began in early May.

“Just a few weeks ago, it was a matter of having to do it because there were very few options on the table. Today, it has become necessary—it is essential,” Espinoza said.

On May 5, Espinoza announced that the government planned to establish a single exchange rate for the dollar in order to implement a “floating system, meaning no more fixed exchange rate.” At the time, he explained: “We are moving toward an exchange-rate system in which the rate fluctuates according to market supply and demand, but always with safeguards to ensure predictability and to avoid the volatility we experienced in the past.”

As of June 24, the official exchange rate stands at Bs 6.86 for buying and Bs 6.96 for selling. The reference rate is Bs 9.97 for buying and Bs 9.96 for selling.

According to Romero, one of the main advantages of unification would be having a “single exchange rate,” since the market currently operates with “three: the official, the reference, and the parallel rate.” This would also help “bring greater realism and transparency to the economy.”

Another positive factor would be balancing Bolivia’s foreign-exchange market with a rate closer to economic reality, which could fluctuate between Bs 9 and Bs 11 per dollar.

Unifying the exchange rate would help eliminate “distortions between different foreign-exchange markets, improve transparency in price formation, and strengthen the confidence of both domestic and international investors.” It could also facilitate exports and imports by reducing uncertainty regarding access to dollars.

In addition, another benefit would be the gradual improvement of the financial system’s functioning by reducing segmentation in the dollar market and increasing transparency in transactions. “Financial institutions could operate with greater predictability, and incentives for parallel markets would diminish. Investment decisions and business planning would also become easier. From the Central Bank’s perspective, the new framework would allow for a more flexible exchange-rate policy adapted to actual market conditions,” Romero stated in a document.

However, according to Romero, one of the disadvantages of the measure would be its inflationary impact on goods and services that are currently priced using the official exchange rate.

“It will have a certain inflationary effect on those goods and services that are traded or produced using the official exchange rate, because they will now have to adjust to a new, higher rate. But realistically, a large part of the economy is already operating with an exchange rate between 9, 10, and 11 bolivianos per dollar,” he said.

He added that this situation could persist until the exchange rate stabilizes in the foreign-exchange market, although he believes that achieving such stability would be “somewhat difficult and unlikely because we do not have the financial backing required for this path.”

According to Romero, exchange-rate unification would also mean that some companies with dollar-denominated obligations would face “higher financial costs.” Therefore, he recommended that the measure be accompanied by complementary policies involving fiscal discipline, monetary stability, and strengthening domestic production.

Another drawback, he said, is the lack of sustainability of the economic policy envisioned by the government, because implementing it would require the state to borrow funds in order to support the measure.

“If you borrow foreign currency to unify the exchange rate so that the new unified rate has sufficient backing, you may only guarantee its stability for six months or perhaps a year. But what do we do after that? We cannot spend our entire lives borrowing. We need to rebuild our economy through fiscal and monetary adjustments that allow us to generate dollars and reduce dependence on external financing to sustain certain policies,” Romero said.

He also stressed that, if unification is implemented, the country must have “a significant financial cushion,” which the current situation does not provide. “At this moment, net international reserves are below $4 billion. We have less than $700 million in foreign currency reserves. Our productive sector has been severely affected, exporters have been hit hard as well, and foreign investment is virtually nonexistent,” Romero stated.

Leave a comment