Lies About the Indians: The Invasion | Mentiras sobre los indios: la invasión

By Juan José Toro, Brujula Digital:

Like the vast majority of Bolivians, I was taught in school that the Spaniards invaded us around 1532; they enslaved our Indian ancestors, colonized them, and kept them in that condition until the War of Independence, when they were defeated and expelled.

That is why it was a shock for me to learn of the existence of a document, “the Memorial of Charcas,” which reveals a completely different reality during the first years of the conquest and at least until 1582.

In that year, a total of 24 caciques from the Qaraqara and Charka nations commissioned a memorial addressed to the then King of Spain, Philip II, complaining that the privileges they had enjoyed had been reduced by the reforms of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo.

This raised the first question: if our Indian ancestors had been enslaved, how was it that some of them had privileges? The answer is that, in the early years of the conquest, the grandfathers of those who signed the memorial had reached agreements with the Spaniards in exchange for the preservation of the rights they held as rulers of these lands.

Among the many revelations of this document is the fact that the rulers of Charkas and Qaraqara, Coysara and Moroco respectively, made agreements with Francisco Pizarro’s brothers, Hernando and Gonzalo, to submit voluntarily to the authority of the King of Spain.

In the case of Coysara, ruler of the Charkas, he handed over the silver deposit of Porco, as well as gold, bronze, and tin mines. As if that were not enough, he led his troops in accompanying Diego de Almagro and Pedro de Valdivia in the conquest of Chile. In gratitude for all these services, the province upon which Bolivia was established in distant 1825 was named Charcas.

So here we do not see invasions, much less slavery. There were nations or cultures that reached favorable terms with the Spaniards and voluntarily became subjects of the King of Spain, a status that extended to the Indians under their authority, who numbered in the thousands.

The problem was that, as the years passed, viceregal authorities such as Toledo failed to honor the original agreements and established new forms of relations with the caciques and mallkus, to the point that they had to lodge their complaints through a memorial, which revealed to us a reality very different from the one taught in school.

The document was found by the Peruvian Waldemar Espinoza Soriano in the General Archive of the Indies (AGI) in Seville, and its transcription was first published in 1969.

In 2006 it was published again, with a review by John Murra, in the monumental book Qaraqara-Charka, in which its authors, Tristan Platt, Thérèse Bouysse-Cassagne, and Olivia Harris, added more documents, especially evidentiary records, which helped provide a better understanding of the 1582 memorial.

Thanks to the clarifications provided by that book, this year I was finally able to obtain a copy of the document from the AGI. Including the cover page of the file that contains it, it totals 342 pages of notarial handwriting. A treasure for continuing the study of that part of our history.

One of Bolivia’s problems is that social studies teachers continue repeating the falsehoods that were constructed as part of past political narratives and, to this day, have not bothered to incorporate these not-so-new findings from our history.

By repeating those falsehoods, today…

Juan José Toro is a National Prize winner in the History of Journalism.

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