October 10, 1982: Presidential Election Day | Día de la Votación Presidencial

By Oscar Antezana:

On October 10, 1982, we did not recover democracy; we only recovered the right to vote. On October 20, 2025, 43 years later, Bolivia voted again and once more it was said that democracy had triumphed. Bolivia has not lived in a democracy for a long time, perhaps only in a few episodes of its history. Democracy is measured by what happens afterward: when a country proves whether it is capable of respecting the law, protecting its institutions, and guaranteeing that no one is above the rules.

When the law is not applied equally to everyone, a full democracy ceases to exist and, obviously, not all of us are equal before justice. In Bolivia, those who block streets and highways, surround cities, or paralyze activities end up obtaining political benefits or favorable negotiations. The message society receives is devastating: pressure works better than respecting the rules. Meanwhile, the citizen who works, pays taxes, and obeys the law remains defenseless.

Bolivia seems trapped in a repeating cycle. The names and speeches change, but the model remains very similar. The people who voted for Paz and Quiroga did not vote for this; they voted with the hope of breaking that vicious circle. President Paz is deeply indebted to Bolivia and seems unmoved. Meanwhile, he keeps talking and talking, and “dialoguing,” time passes and he sinks “Bolivia, Bolivia, Bolivia.” (The one billion dollars obtained through the sale of sovereign bonds is a temporary relief but at the cost of increasing public debt at a very high financial cost and postponing reforms). This borders on demagoguery.

Chile recovered its democracy on March 11, 1990; more than 36 years have passed. While Bolivia has institutionally deteriorated — the opposite of what a democracy is supposed to achieve — Chile followed a different path. That country also experienced crises, social conflicts, and strong political tensions. But it managed to preserve something fundamental: relatively solid institutions and more stable rules that made it possible to build a long-term vision. In 1980, Chile was going through a severe economic crisis and had a GDP close to $29 billion. Bolivia, meanwhile, had an economy of $3.5 billion. Chile projects an economy exceeding $400 billion for 2026; Bolivia around $43 billion. At first glance, the two seem to have advanced in a relatively similar way. Chile multiplied the size of its economy about fourteen times between 1980 and 2026 and Bolivia 12 times. Up to that point there is some similarity.

But there are five, five major differences. First, Chile strengthened its institutions; Bolivia pulverized them. Second, Chile transformed itself into a modern country and is a member of the OECD; Bolivia continues to be an extractivist and mono-producing country. Third, Chile’s international reserves amount to $51 billion; Bolivia’s are practically zero. Fourth, Chile has a total public debt (domestic and foreign) equivalent to 43% of its GDP, Bolivia 107% (my estimate because there is no reliable official data). Fifth, in Chile one can glimpse a promising future; Bolivia is sinking.

Chile used that growth to strengthen institutions, modernize its economy, and build stronger foundations for the future. It may have problems — and it does — but it maintains direction, predictability, and a relatively clear idea of where it wants to go. Bolivia did the opposite. The country grew, but it did not transform itself. It did not strengthen its institutions and wasted thousands upon thousands of millions of dollars that could have changed its history. A large part of the wealth generated during the gas and commodity boom ended up feeding a state apparatus that became increasingly larger, more politicized, and more dependent on subsidies, favors, and clientelist networks. In other words, Bolivia squandered time, money, and opportunity.

But this is not only an economic or political crisis; it is a moral crisis. Lying became routine. Political cynicism stopped being scandalous. Abuse, impunity, backroom deals, and the theft of public resources were gradually normalized. Some minority sectors exude hatred. That is probably one of the heaviest legacies left by the MAS after two decades in power.

That is why the reconstruction of Bolivia will not only be economic. It will also have to be ethical and cultural. Bolivia needs a massive and permanent campaign to recover values that seem to have been lost: honesty, punctuality, respect for the law, the value of one’s word, effort, merit, and individual responsibility. Without this profound mental change, any economic growth will be temporary and any reform will eventually collapse sooner or later.

In that way, Bolivia will begin to live in democracy. Countries do not prosper only when they generate wealth. They prosper when they build strong institutions and values capable of sustaining them over time. Meanwhile, President Paz moves with a bewildering slowness that increasingly disappoints and deepens the hole in which Bolivia finds itself.

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