Inflation Retreating, Economy Withdrawing | Inflación en retroceso, economía en retirada

By Gonzalo Chávez, Brujula Digital:

At first glance, the data looks like a small statistical marvel, almost a sleight of hand worthy of a magic show: in February, monthly inflation was -0.62%, and in March it was -0.34%. Two consecutive months with the consumer price index (CPI) falling, no less, after a heavy blow to fuel prices and in the midst of a sharp devaluation of the parallel exchange rate.

In a normal country, one might think the economy suddenly found inner peace, sat in a lotus position, and decided to reconcile with stability. But Bolivia, as we know, does not usually practice macroeconomic yoga. Here, when prices fall, it is best to first check whether we are facing genuine relief or simply a patient who no longer even has the strength to complain. It has already been three years since the economy entered a recession: idle machines, unworked land, and unemployed people.

The National Institute of Statistics (INE) explained that February’s drop in inflation was mainly associated with lower prices for chicken, tomatoes, interdepartmental transportation, onions, and potatoes. March’s decline was also linked to reductions in tomatoes, interdepartmental transportation, bananas, boneless beef, apples, and rice. In other words, a significant part of the deflation is concentrated in food and some specific services, not in any epic victory of economic policy.

Rather, it seems that certain fresh products decided to behave well for a few weeks, while the rest of the economy continued juggling expensive fuel, scarce dollars, and a growth outlook increasingly resembling a cliff.

According to the World Bank, in 2025 there was a contraction of -2.1%, and for the current year we are heading toward the bottom of the pit, -3.2%. The INE has yet to release official data on economic growth.

The first key to understanding the low inflation puzzle is quite simple: the increase in gasoline and diesel prices in December acted as a one-time jump in the price level in December (0.59%) and January (1.31%), not necessarily as a monthly inflation factory. Put plainly: the big hit was felt upfront.

Fuels pushed the CPI immediately—especially in transportation and related sectors—but they do not have to generate a continuous acceleration every month. One thing is moving up to a higher floor; another very different thing is continuing to climb stairs every single day. What happened in December and January seems more like the former than the latter.

The second key lies in something economists call “pass-through,” an elegant, Anglicized term for how much of a cost increase is actually transferred to final prices. And here comes the bad news for those who believe that every cost increase magically gets passed on to the consumer: it does not always happen that way.

In Bolivia, many companies and businesses simply cannot raise prices as much as they would like. They absorb part of the shock by reducing margins, lowering quality, shrinking portion sizes, substituting inputs, postponing investments, or selling less. The exhausted consumer does not validate just any price. And thus the paradox appears: costs rise, but the monthly CPI can fall—not because the market is healthy, but because it is exhausted and in recession.

The third key is tight monetary policy. The Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) has been tightening its stance since late 2025, absorbing liquidity and raising interest rates to anchor expectations. Translated into everyday language: less money circulating, tighter credit, more caution, less private investment, and a cooler economy.

It is also worth noting that public investment is at a standstill. There is not even an approved state budget for 2026. All of this, naturally, reduces companies’ ability to pass on costs and households’ ability to accept price increases. When domestic demand weakens, inflation can fall not because the economy is improving, but because the economy is braking with both hands and feet.

But here comes the fourth key—and probably the most important: recession. If the Bolivian economy has been contracting since 2024, fell in 2025, and in 2026 points to an even greater contraction, then much of the mystery dissolves.

An economy in recession consumes less, invests less, imports less, produces less, and, of course, has less capacity to sustain continuous price increases. The problem is not only that monthly inflation is falling; the problem is that it could be falling because economic activity is shrinking even faster. Under these circumstances, CPI moderation is not necessarily a sign of strength, but a consequence of a deep cooling of aggregate demand.

This leads to a less comforting and more realistic picture: Bolivia may be entering a kind of repressed stagflation. That is, high costs, negative growth, weak demand, and prices that do not rise as much as they could because the market can no longer bear it.

Firms face high and low-quality fuel, expensive imported inputs, complicated financing, and an uncertain environment, but on the other side they encounter consumers with deteriorated incomes, fear, and limited purchasing power. So they do not fully adjust through prices; they adjust through quantities, quality, employment, informality, or sheer survival. The CPI captures part of that story, but not all of it. Sometimes it records the fever, but not the exhaustion of the whole body.

Added to this is the parallel exchange rate, which should exert more inflationary pressure, but whose effects are not transmitted evenly. Part of the economy continues operating with official or semi-official references; part works with old inventories; part moves in informal markets; and part of the adjustment does not show up as price increases, but as shortages, rationing, or deteriorating quality. In other words, inflation does not always disappear—sometimes it hides backstage, is dressed up for the photo, or waits its turn to return with worse manners.

For this reason, another uncomfortable hypothesis should not be ruled out: some degree of repressed, deferred, or partially underreported inflation. There is no need to accuse anyone of cooking the books with apron and ladle to recognize that—in an economy with segmented markets, high informality, goods that change in quality, and multiple exchange rate references—measuring inflation becomes much more difficult.

The index may be capturing part of the adjustment, while another part slips through the cracks of shortages, gasoline lines, declining quality, or parallel markets. In this line, there is also suspicion that the inherited and unaudited methodology for measuring inflation may be underestimating price increases.

In summary, monthly inflation is falling, yes—but not because Bolivia has resolved its underlying imbalances. It is falling because several factors coincided: a temporary correction in food prices, incomplete pass-through of the fuel and exchange rate shocks, tight monetary policy, and, above all, an economy in recession that no longer has the strength to sustain demand.

The fever is going down, but the patient remains pale, weak, and with the diagnosis still open on the table.

Gonzalo Chávez is an economist.

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