NEITHER STATE NOR MARKET: BOLIVIA’S REAL ECONOMIC PROBLEM | NI ESTADO NI MERCADO: EL VERDADERO PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO DE BOLIVIA

By Oscar Antezana:

The economic debate that matters is not ideological—it is strategic.

Now that the subnational elections have taken place, it is expected that President Paz will announce several reforms, as he indicated weeks ago. However, behind these announcements lies a deeper—and far more important—question that is rarely asked explicitly: what type of economy does the country want to move toward? Because obtaining financing, executing projects, or launching reforms does not, by itself, constitute an economic strategy. The Country Strategy Document prepared by CAF to facilitate limited resources for the country provides some guidance, but it is not a strategy; nor should it be, since that responsibility lies with the Bolivian government. Once again, it becomes evident that the government does not have, and never had, a development plan.

Bolivia can move forward on multiple fronts—infrastructure, investment incentives, export promotion—but if these actions are not guided by a clear vision of productive transformation, the result may be a more active economy, but not necessarily a more developed one. In other words, progress can be made without real change.

The wrong debate. In Latin America, a familiar debate has resurfaced for over a year. On one side, figures such as Javier Milei propose minimizing state intervention. (There are still outdated voices that continue to advocate socialist thinking.) Are the only options at the extremes of liberalism or statism? At first glance, it might seem that Bolivia must choose between these two paths. But that is precisely the trap. Bolivia’s problem runs deeper; it is not that it has chosen incorrectly between state or market. In practice, experiences in other countries—such as China—have shown the capacity to transform their productive structure through active coordination between the state and the private sector (this is not an endorsement of its political system). The real issue is that Bolivia has not clearly defined what kind of economy it wants to build. Even moving toward industrialization says very little.

Beyond ideology. From a libertarian perspective, markets are more efficient than governments at allocating resources. Evidence in many cases supports this claim, especially in contexts where the state is weak or prone to inefficiency. But since libertarianism functions as a doctrine, neoliberalism has so far been its most tangible expression. However, it is also true that processes of productive transformation—those that allow a country to diversify its economy, move up the value chain, and compete internationally—rarely occur spontaneously. Sectors such as industry, technology, tourism, or agribusiness require coordination, sustained investment, and reduced uncertainty. In many cases, this implies some degree of public articulation. Yet even here, there is a key distinction: coordinating is not the same as controlling. The most successful economies are neither fully state-run nor fully deregulated. They are hybrid systems where the market generates dynamism, but there is a strategic direction guiding that dynamism toward concrete objectives—even the United States does this.

The core problem: lack of strategy. Returning to the Bolivian case, the challenge is not whether the state should intervene more or less. Nor is it about attracting more investment or executing more projects. The central challenge is how to articulate all these actions within a coherent long-term vision. Without such a vision, reforms may be well-intentioned but scattered. Investment may arrive, but without transforming the productive structure. Projects may be executed, but without generating new economic capabilities. In short, progress can be made… without truly changing.

Uncomfortable questions? If Bolivia wants to attract investment: investment in what? If it wants to promote exports: from which sectors? If it seeks to boost tourism: with what international positioning? Without clear answers to these questions, the risk is that economic policies respond more to short-term opportunities than to a deliberate strategy. And this is a pattern the country already knows well.

What is really at stake. Bolivia has natural resources, exceptional biodiversity, and a productive base with potential across multiple sectors. But these assets alone do not guarantee development. What determines the direction of an economy is not the quantity of resources it possesses, but the clarity with which it chooses to use them. Therefore, before debating whether the model should be more “market-oriented” or more “state-driven,” Bolivia must answer a more fundamental question: what type of economy does it want to build in the coming decades? Without that answer, any set of reforms—no matter how ambitious—risks becoming a collection of valuable but disconnected efforts.

In the next article, we will address a pattern Bolivia has repeated for decades: the search for “miracle resources” as a substitute for a long-term economic strategy.

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