The Lithium Mess: Between the Constitution and Business | El lío del litio: entre la Constitución y los negocios

By Windsor Hernani, Visión 360:

At the end of the day, it must be taken into account that lithium, like many of our natural resources, lies in our soil or subsoil and could remain there for a hundred years.

Bolivia stands at a crossroads. While the world is crying out for lithium and foreign investors are knocking on the doors of the salt flats, the country faces a contradiction between its constitutional mandate and the minimum requirements of the international capital market.

The problem is simple. Bolivia needs investment for lithium, and other sectors, but the Constitution scares investors away.

During the 1990s, Bolivia adopted a foreign policy consistent with global standards to attract foreign investment. In 1995, the country acceded to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), understanding that offering a neutral, specialized, and internationally enforceable forum for dispute resolution was an indispensable requirement to compete for capital in a globalized world.

The logic was that no serious investor would disburse millions of dollars in a country where the only guarantee of contractual compliance was to submit exclusively to local courts, exposed to political swings and unilateral regulatory changes.

However, with the arrival of the constituent process, a discourse of “absolute economic sovereignty” took hold and was ultimately enshrined in the 2009 Political Constitution of the State. The new constitutional provisions regarding foreign direct investment are particularly radical. They establish that foreign companies shall in no case be granted recognition of any foreign court or jurisdiction, nor may they invoke any exceptional situation of international arbitration.

This constitutional shift toward national sovereignty was so extreme that it ended up legally isolating the country from the international investment protection system. The direct consequence was that, by constitutional mandate, Bolivia denounced the ICSID Convention and the 24 Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements.

As no creator escapes the consequences of his own work, the government of Luis Arce has already had to confront this restriction when drafting the contract between Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos (YLB) and the Chinese company CBC for lithium exploitation in the Salar de Uyuni.

The solution was to incorporate into the contract a tiered dispute resolution mechanism that begins with negotiation between the parties and culminates in arbitration administered by the National Chamber of Commerce, dispensing with national courts. Thus, there is no ICSID, no international arbitration, no foreign courts, and the Constitution is complied with.

However, it is enough to read the contract carefully to discover that it includes elements that attempt to approximate international standards.

The new government must resolve the issue. Under the current text of the Constitution, it is legally unfeasible for Bolivia to request its reentry into ICSID. It is unconstitutional.

The country finds itself trapped in its own legal straitjacket: it needs foreign investment to industrialize lithium and other resources, yet it offers potential investors a dispute resolution framework that, in international eyes, is insufficient.

Let us be honest: no moderately well-advised investor equates local courts—however reformed they may be—with the guarantee offered by international arbitration administered by ICSID or the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Constitutional reform is the most reasonable and definitive solution. Such a modification requires qualified majorities in the Legislative Assembly, a path that may be politically costly but must be undertaken.

This need to find consensus should not be understood as a limitation; on the contrary, it is rather an opportunity. Building State policies rather than government policies is the challenge; consequently, just as foreign policy must be a State policy, so too must investment attraction policy be a State policy.

At the end of the day, it must be taken into account that lithium, like many of our natural resources, lies in our soil or subsoil and could remain there for a hundred years. But the opportunity to integrate into the global value chains of the energy transition has an expiration date, and the clock keeps ticking. It must be done strategically—but now!

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