Grandma’s Jewels Are Pawned—and So Is the Economy’s Future | Las joyas de la abuela están empeñadas y el futuro de la economía también

By ANF, Eju.tv:

What will the next government find? On November 8, the MAS cycle and its economic model will come to an end. The country is experiencing the worst economic crisis in 40 years, reflected in fuel shortages, rising inflation, and a black market for foreign currency, where the U.S. dollar trades at nearly twice the official rate.

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Fuente: ANF

Dollars are scarce: only 6% of the Net International Reserves (NIR) are in cash. Banks no longer accept deposits or transactions in dollars, unless high transfer fees are paid. The truth is, the country has run out of money to import gasoline and diesel and has failed to gather enough foreign currency to service its external debt.

For this reason, Luis Arce’s government decided to pawn the country’s gold in international banks. In practice, this means it made an advance sale, committing the reserves that should serve as a “safety cushion” in the face of severe economic problems.

Ramiro Cavero, chief economist of the Alianza Libre that backs Jorge Quiroga’s presidential bid, explained that reserves are a crucial safeguard for any country, allowing access to immediate funds in emergencies such as a pandemic or to guarantee fuel purchases. “If Arce’s government doesn’t ensure the supply of gasoline and diesel after the new president takes office, a serious problem will arise,” he warned.

The NIR, which in 2014 reached 15 billion dollars thanks to the natural gas boom, have now fallen to 3.275 billion. Of that total, 3.1137 billion correspond to gold, and only 102.5 million dollars—just 3.1%—are in liquid foreign currency. The gold, often called “grandma’s jewels,” is now the state’s last resort to face the crisis.

The guardian of that gold is the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB). This institution reported that, so far this year, 8.4 tons of gold have been sold in futures contracts; in other words, the metal was pawned to obtain cash dollars. In the first four months, three tons were converted into money, while another 5.4 tons were pledged in the second quarter. Thanks to this “pawn” of “grandma’s jewels,” Arce’s government obtained 828 million dollars, which were used to pay part of the external debt and to import fuels.

According to the BCB report, the gold was pawned for one year: “The issuing entity carried out two financial operations of futures contracts that will be completed in no more than 12 months each,” says the document. This means that within that time frame, the 828 million dollars must be repaid; otherwise, the gold will become the property of the international banks that provided the funds, along with interest, fees, and other contractual obligations.

Transactions Under Suspicion

The use of gold reserves also raises doubts about the legality of these operations. In 2023, the Legislative Assembly approved the so-called “Gold Law,” which authorizes the BCB to purchase the metal on the domestic market to strengthen international reserves. It also allows foreign operations, including pledging (pawning). However, the law stipulates that the Central Bank must have congressional authorization for such actions—something that did not happen in these cases.

Economist Gonzalo Colque explains that “BCB authorities claim to have a supposed legal power derived from an article included in the 2025 General State Budget (PGE) Law. However, a Constitutional Court ruling states that a budget law cannot modify a permanent law.”

It’s important to note that the ruling party no longer has a majority in the Senate and barely holds enough votes in the Chamber of Deputies. Therefore, the government tried to include in the 2025 PGE a clause that would allow it to perform such operations without congressional approval, but failed. The General Budget Law was presented to the Legislative Assembly, but there was no quorum for its approval. Under Bolivian law, if a certain period passes without congressional approval, the law is considered enacted so that the budget can be executed. That’s what happened in this case.

Furthermore, the Gold Law states that the NIR must not fall below 22 tons of gold. However, that requirement is currently not being met.

According to the BCB report, as of August 31 there were 24.12 tons of gold: 21.85 deposited in international banks and 2.27 in national vaults. Of those held abroad, 8.4 tons are pawned and unavailable. Those inside the country, meanwhile, are unrefined and uncertified as “good delivery” bars, meaning they cannot be immediately used.

If the 8.4 pawned tons are discounted, the state effectively has only 15.72 tons available—thus violating the law.

Gonzalo Colque is an economist with Fundación Tierra and has studied the gold-related operations (Source: Revista Nómadas)

Why Should This Be a Concern?

Colque warns that there are no conditions to repay the money obtained in exchange for the gold within 12 months—a term that will expire between April and July 2026. This implies a violation of the Gold Law, which requires maintaining at least 22 tons. “The net international reserves could bottom out or even turn negative in 2026, putting the national economy in a critical situation. Gold is being sold under unfavorable conditions, precisely when international prices are rising and central banks worldwide are buying gold instead of selling it.”

Meanwhile, Carlos Aranda, economist with the Populi Foundation, adds: “Although the BCB may have the authority to pledge gold, it should be limited to any surplus above the minimum 22 tons. Therefore, the legality of the operation is questionable, and one must ask whether the BCB sought the necessary legal advice to avoid a possible violation of the law.”

Carlos Aranda is an economist with the Public Policies for Freedom Foundation (Populi)

Aranda also notes that the BCB justified the operation as a way to prevent a default by the National Treasury. “The BCB’s mandate is to ensure monetary stability, not to seek funds for the Treasury to pay its debts. By admitting that it acted to avoid a default, the BCB acknowledges its lack of independence and subordination to the Executive Branch. This undermines the credibility of an institution that should be solid enough to guarantee the country’s monetary stability,” he concludes.

A Challenge for the Next Government

Jorge Quiroga and Rodrigo Paz—one of them will govern Bolivia starting November 8. (Source: Opinión)

José Gabriel Espinoza is the head of the economic team of Rodrigo Paz, the Christian Democratic Party (PDC)candidate, who will face Jorge Quiroga of Alianza Libre in the runoff election. Quiroga’s chief economist is Ramiro Cavero. Both agree that the economic outlook awaiting the next government will be highly challenging.

Ramiro Cavero is the lead economist for Jorge Quiroga’s candidacy. (Source: Visión 360)

Ramiro Cavero, on the radio program La Hora Pico, warned that if Luis Arce’s government fails to deliver the minimum 22 tons of gold in Net International Reserves (NIR), it will face legal consequences because the law mandates that this amount must be maintained at all times.

Candidate Quiroga proposes the need to launch an international financing plan, although his economist acknowledges that such resources will not arrive immediately.

Meanwhile, José Gabriel Espinoza of the PDC criticizes the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) for violating the law that defines its essential role: to maintain the stability of the national currency and preserve exchange rate and monetary stability. For Espinoza, the BCB acted illegally by using funds obtained from gold operations to finance the central government’s current spending, such as debt payments and fuel purchases.

José Gabriel is the main economic advisor to candidate Rodrigo Paz. (Source: PDC)

Asked how to address this situation, Espinoza admitted it is “a demanding scenario” that will require boosting exports to bring in more dollars, attracting investment, and encouraging remittances to strengthen reserves. He also mentioned the use of about 3 billion dollars in already-approved but not yet disbursed loans, as well as the negotiation of new ones that require congressional authorization, which could reinforce the NIR.

He further warned of the urgent need to reduce the state’s current spending, which equals 10% of the Gross Domestic Product and is concentrated in fuel imports. From the PDC’s perspective, that burden should first be borne by state-owned enterprises and later through a new pricing scheme. It’s worth remembering that gasoline and diesel in Bolivia are heavily subsidized, costing over 2 billion dollars annually.

Espinoza stressed the importance of restoring sound management at the Central Bank of Bolivia so that it stops financing government expenses and returns to its core mission: ensuring the stability of the currency and the exchange rate.

The Shrinking Gold

Economist Gonzalo Colque explains that between 2023 and August 2025, the Arce administration monetized 57.4 tons of gold—at a pace of 19 tons per year. In addition to the 21 tons sold and 8.4 pawned, it converted into currency another 28 tons purchased from small-scale mining cooperatives under the pretext of “strengthening” international reserves.

These operations were financed through monetary issuance by the BCB, which increased inflation and eroded the purchasing power of the national currency. It is, so far, the government that has sold the most gold in Bolivia’s history.

After 20 years of Movimiento al Socialismo rule, Bolivia has gone from an economic boom that generated 60 billion dollars in gas revenues to having to sell and pawn much of its so-called “grandma’s jewels.” The result is a financial hole that the next president will have to face in an attempt to rebuild the national economy.

By Mónica Salvatierra for #LaHoraDeBolivia

/ANF/

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