Welfarism as a Political Tool | El asistencialismo como herramienta política

By Beatriz Cahuasa, Visión 360:

Today more than ever, we need a critical citizenry that asks itself: do we want a State that supports our development, or one that keeps us dependent?

The results of Bolivia’s most recent presidential elections should not surprise us. Campaign promises catered to what the electorate wanted to hear: the continuity of a model in place for two decades, based on welfarism. Not understood as a transformative social policy, but rather as a mechanism to guarantee benefits for “vulnerable” groups and, with that, their political loyalty.

In our country, welfarism has become a political instrument that channels state resources toward impoverished sectors—not with the aim of resolving structural problems such as poverty or inequality, but to secure loyalties, maintain social cohesion, and guarantee votes.

This phenomenon is not exclusive to the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS). One of the first precedents marking the establishment of welfarism as a political tool was the creation of state bonuses, initiated by Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada—during the government of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR)—with the Bonosol, aimed at the elderly. Later, Evo Morales renamed it Renta Dignidad and complemented it with other bonuses directed at different social sectors. Even Jeanine Áñez, during her brief administration, resorted to welfarism by granting bonuses during the pandemic, in the midst of a deep economic crisis that affected the most vulnerable.

These measures, without a doubt, generated political support. They turned entire sectors of the population into dependents of the State, rather than holders of rights, and contributed to the electoral strengthening of those who promoted them.

This welfarist model was also reinforced by the distribution of goods, infrastructure, vehicles, and resources for works to organized groups, commonly known as social movements, who “represented” the beneficiaries of these policies. While such actions may have positive effects, they often blur the true purpose of welfarism: to provide support to vulnerable people or groups in situations of neglect, serving as a bridge between their basic needs and state or societal action, with the goal of mitigating misery and reducing inequalities. In Bolivia’s case, this approach weakened independent citizen initiatives and obstructed the building of sustainable long-term public policies.

When welfarism becomes an end in itself, it ceases to be a path toward development and instead turns into a vicious cycle. Aid programs lose their character of social justice and become instruments to capture electoral support, strengthen the ruling party’s image, and perpetuate its control.

It is true that the distribution of goods and services generates social cohesion, especially among those who feel forgotten by the State. However, when that cohesion is based on dependency and not empowerment, it becomes unsustainable and deeply limiting.

The problem does not lie in the aid itself, but in the way and purpose for which it is given. When the government centralizes resource distribution, it concentrates power and silences criticism. What should be a guarantee of rights turns into a tool of domination.

This ill-conceived welfarism produces strong state paternalism. Beneficiaries go from being rights-bearing citizens to mere passive recipients of aid. Their role as active citizens fades, and they are stigmatized for requiring assistance, when in reality that need reflects a historical debt owed by the State to its most marginalized sectors.

Some argue that far from fighting poverty, welfarism perpetuates it, by fostering dependence on the State and discouraging personal initiative and entrepreneurial effort. It chains the population to a system of subsidies that limits their freedom and their ability to achieve autonomous progress.

Other forms of welfarism are found in subsidies for fuel, food, or services. While they can have positive effects if well designed, they may also reproduce patterns of dependency.

Welfarism should be only a first step, a bridge toward sustainable development policies that create decent jobs, quality education, and equitable access to opportunities. However, in Bolivia—and in many countries of the region—it has become a populist shortcut, a way to maintain poverty while selling the illusion of progress.

Breaking away from welfarism will not be easy or quick. It requires redesigning the social pact, strengthening citizens’ capacities, and building a State that empowers rather than controls. Yet as long as political proposals focus on increasing bonuses and subsidies without a long-term vision, the cycle will continue.

Today more than ever, we need a critical citizenry that asks itself: do we want a State that supports our development, or one that keeps us dependent?

The answer to that question will define the country’s future.

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