Shell: When Misunderstood Sovereignty Costs Millions | Cuando la soberanía mal entendida cuesta millones

By Windsor Hernani, Visión 360:

The Shell case is not an isolated incident. It is part of a repeated pattern of unilateral decisions, improvised nationalizations, and, afterward, the absence of an adequate international legal strategy.

Last week, Bolivians were informed that the Anglo-Dutch multinational Shell notified the Bolivian State of a dispute over YPFB’s breach of contract.

I believe the majority reaction, mine included, was an instinctive, pained sigh. The reason is that all international arbitration claims—13 in total—found the Bolivian State responsible and ordered payment of $810 million as compensation. I greatly fear that this latest case will be no exception.

The Shell case is not an isolated incident. It is part of a repeated pattern of unilateral decisions, improvised nationalizations, and, afterward, the absence of an adequate international legal strategy.

Bolivia’s unilateral termination of 24 Bilateral Investment Promotion Treaties, including ICSID, did not stop international claims. Authorities failed to recognize that almost all treaties contain survival clauses, which establish that even after termination, their provisions continue to apply if the investments were made while the treaty was in force—a period that, in some cases, may extend even further.

If no reciprocal investment protection treaty exists between two countries, the general rules of International Law apply. These establish that no State may abuse the rights of foreign investors or act arbitrarily. Consequently, even without an active treaty, a State is obliged to respect basic principles such as fair and equitable treatment, non-discrimination, and the obligation to compensate for unlawful damages.

Diplomatic or consular protection may also be activated. This is the power of a State to represent a company or citizen who suffers abuse from another State and cannot find justice. In this case, the government intervenes in their defense, and the dispute ceases to be between a private party and a State, becoming a dispute between States. Reaching this situation due to inappropriate handling should never occur, as it can seriously damage a bilateral relationship.

There are also situations in which national courts of a third country intervene—known as extraterritoriality of the law—and order a State to pay compensation.

The most recent example is Argentina in the United States, where a federal judge ordered Buenos Aires to pay over $16 billion for the nationalization of YPF. The court concluded that the Argentine State had acted arbitrarily and violated acquired rights. When payment was not made, interest accumulated, increasing the amount by roughly $2 billion, totaling $18 billion, and now the delivery of 51% of YPF’s shares is being demanded—a litigation that is putting Argentina’s economy at risk.

In short, a State’s powers, mainly the Executive and Judicial, cannot act arbitrarily. They must respect agreed rules and, in their absence, apply the basic principles of general International Law. In the end, what is done wrong is paid for… in dollars.

In this context, the question is not only a million-dollar one but also one that could save us millions: what should be done about the Shell dispute?

The citizens’ will has already been expressed. Only the next President remains to be determined, but it is clear that whoever wins will not be able to govern without the other. Consequently, and out of responsibility to the country, while they focus on their campaigns, it is urgent to form working groups with the most suitable people each side has, to agree on actions that can resolve the sad legacy of two decades of MAS governments.

By procedural rule, before resorting to arbitration or judicial solutions, an attempt must be made to reach an amicable settlement within 180 days. Considering Shell’s notice was submitted this month, the deadline expires in February next year. That is, negotiation will be three months under the MAS authorities and three under the new government.

A popular saying goes: “A tree that gives neither shade nor fruit only gets in the way.” After 13 defeats, it is illusory to think the current administration will bear fruit. They have already proven ineffective, and therefore change is necessary.

The 180-day period to find an amicable solution is running, and it is not possible to wait for a change of government, because each passing day may accrue interest. Action must be taken to resolve the Shell dispute. The candidates who will face the second round have been notified and have the floor. The promise of change must materialize immediately, because tomorrow will already be too late.

The Shell case is not an isolated event, but the predictable consequence of a government policy that confused sovereignty with license, and firmness with stubbornness. Experience shows that ideological bravado leaves only fiscal wounds, ultimately paid by ordinary citizens.

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