The root problem is the accelerated loss of purchasing power | El problema de fondo es la pérdida acelerada del poder adquisitivo

By Miguel Angel Amonzabel Gonzales, El Deber:

When Cooking Became a Bolivian Luxury

May 2025 will go down as the most critical month of the year for Bolivia’s economy. A combination of internal and external factors unleashed a perfect storm that hit households hard and put small and medium-sized businesses in check. Among all the symptoms of this crisis, one became emblematic: the price of cooking oil. Its rising cost, with weekly and in some cases daily increases, turned this basic product into the most visible barometer of economic deterioration. Oil is no longer just a household staple; it’s the symbol of the collapse of a model sustained by currency fictions, cross subsidies, and broken promises.

For more than 18 years, between 2006 and 2024, the price of oil remained relatively stable. A 900-milliliter bottle cost Bs. 8.10 in January 2006 and reached Bs. 12.30 in August 2024. A Bs. 4.20 increase over almost two decades, with a compound annual rate of 2.01%. This apparent stability was not the result of an effective policy but of circumstantial conditions: the gas boom and a smuggling market that ended up being functional. Argentine oil, cheaper due to subsidies and devaluations, entered with little resistance. Bolivia’s economy, in fact, benefited from Argentina’s crisis. Subsidized products like oil, pasta, hygiene goods, and fuel flowed from Yacuiba to Cobija, artificially containing domestic inflation.

That period ended with the arrival of Javier Milei to power. The elimination of fuel subsidies, the appreciation of the Argentine peso, and the correction of the exchange rate raised the price of goods from the neighboring country. Bolivia, long used to subsidized smuggling, felt the impact immediately. With the end of cheap, informally imported oil, local industries raised their prices, facing no real competition and rising production costs.

Between August 2024 and June 2025, the price of Bolivian oil shot up to Bs. 22.50 per bottle—an increase of Bs. 10.20 in just ten months. The compound monthly growth rate exceeded 6%. In areas of El Alto and Santa Cruz, prices of up to Bs. 25 were reported. Long lines, restricted sales, and empty shelves became everyday scenes. For many families, cooking became a luxury. Some households cut back on consumption; others turned to lard, butter, or recycled oil, with the health risks that entails.

But oil is only the tip of the iceberg. The root problem is the accelerated loss of purchasing power, fueled by structural distortions. The most critical: the exchange rate. While the official dollar rate remains at Bs. 6.96, the parallel rate surpassed Bs. 16.50 in June 2025. This gap of over 130% reflects mistrust and makes imports like soybeans—the base of oil production—brutally expensive. Added to this is the diesel shortage, with severe disruptions between December 2024 and May 2025. The lack of fuel paralyzed harvests, increased transport costs, and reduced supply. Many producers planted less or turned to the black market, paying exorbitant prices. The result: lower production, higher costs, and rising prices at every link in the chain.

The government’s response, as in other crises, was more ideological than technical. Instead of supporting the private sector, it created a state-run oil production company, scheduled to operate from January 2025. Six hundred million bolivianos were invested in a plant that only began operating in June, and only on a minimal scale. The oil it produces—scarce and poor in quality—fails to meet basic standards: cloudy, opaque, lacking sanitary guarantees. Instead of easing the crisis, it became a symbol of state failure. An improvised, costly, and ineffective intervention that resulted in another white elephant. Far from strengthening food sovereignty, it undermined confidence in the state’s capacity to manage production.

The consequences are already being felt. A family that used to spend Bs. 60 per month on oil now needs more than Bs. 120 to consume the same amount. Small food businesses—restaurants, bakeries, pastry shops—see their margins evaporating. Some have shut down; others survive as they can: laying off workers, cutting hours, substituting ingredients. But they can’t pass all their costs onto consumers already burdened by rising bread, rice, sugar, and transport prices. The informal economy is also suffering: street vendors, small producers, micro-entrepreneurs. All feel the system has left them behind.

The oil crisis is no anecdote. It’s a serious symptom of a sick economic system. It shows how fragile it is to depend on external subsidies, an unrealistic exchange rate, and unsupported public policies. Bolivia faces a crossroads: to persist in illusion or assume the cost of a gradual but inevitable adjustment. Adjusting diesel prices is necessary, but it must be done gradually and with compensatory measures. Food imports must be facilitated without ideological hurdles. And reserves must be used strategically: not to sustain unviable enterprises, but to guarantee access to basic goods.

The “black May” must serve as a final warning. There is no more room for postponement. Social stability—still held together with pins—could collapse if inflation skyrockets, the exchange rate spins out of control, or the government continues to intervene instead of enabling. Bolivia needs a new economic contract based on productivity, competition, and clear rules. Sovereignty is not built with speeches, but with efficiency. Because while oil prices rise, citizen patience falls. And that is a dangerous mix.

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