Drought, frost, and fires affect incomes and cause food insecurity | Sequía, heladas e incendios afectan ingresos y provocan inseguridad alimentaria

By Marco Antonio Belmonte, Vision 360:

Climate Change

Households estimated that their income allocated to food purchases was affected on average by 46% due to drought, 62.4% due to fires, and 27.2% due to illnesses, endangering their regular access to food.

La sequía afectó los cultivos de papa, hortalizas y otros en el Altiplano. Foto: Abi

Drought affected potato, vegetable, and other crops in the Altiplano. Photo: Abi

The National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (Senamhi) study, “Food Security Analysis in Emergencies 2024–2025”, reveals that droughts, frosts, snowfalls, and hailstorms are the extreme weather events that most affect the country, negatively impacting household incomes, productive activity, and generating food insecurity.

The document analyzed the situation in the Altiplano, valleys, plains, and the Chaco region. Data collection was carried out by Fundación Aru in January 2024 in vulnerable communities, covering the topic of Emergency Food Security Assessment (ESAE). The information was cross-checked with key stakeholders, municipal and community authorities, as well as focus groups and local residents.

The ESAE focused on private households in municipalities under climate emergency due to the El Niño phenomenon. The sample size included 37 communities and 302 households; data collection occurred between January 23 and February 4, 2024.

The most frequent adverse events were: drought reported by 58.7% of households, frost, snow, and hail (24%), strong winds (9.7%), and fires (7%). Drought and fires were mostly present during August, September, and October, while illnesses appeared in December 2023.

Additionally, information from the Vice Ministry of Civil Defense indicated that forest fires between July 2023 and January 5, 2024, affected 6,935.5 hectares, around 24,769 families, and 6,881 heads of livestock. Droughts impacted 961 families and affected 2,600 hectares.

Effects of the events

These extreme events impacted family incomes. Households estimated that their food-related income was affected on average by 46% due to drought, 62.4% due to fires, and 27.2% due to illnesses, putting regular access to food at risk.

In terms of productive activity, 55.7% of households were affected by droughts, 66.3% by fires, and 26.2% by illnesses. According to the study, this impact could threaten the continuous availability of food in households.

There was also an impact on the health or nutritional status of family members. Households considered their health deteriorated by 27.5% due to droughts, 90.8% due to fires, and 20.7% due to illnesses.

The study states that the aforementioned adverse events jeopardize the food security of households, especially affecting the most vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.

Housewife asks about prices in a grocery store in La Paz. Photo: Abi

CARI is a harmonized methodology of the World Food Programme used to analyze and classify households using food security indicators at the individual level, across different food security groups: food secure, moderately food secure (food consumption gaps and need for coping strategies), marginally food insecure (inadequate food consumption), and severely food insecure (extreme food consumption gaps or extreme loss of livelihoods).

Plains

The study, using this approach, found that in the plains only 26.4% of households are food secure; 54.2% are marginally food secure, meaning on the brink of food insecurity.

The document warns that this transition could be triggered by political or social conflicts that impact family income sources and their access to sufficient and quality food.

17.2% of households are moderately food insecure, meaning their food consumption is not ideal and their capacity to respond to potential supply issues is limited. 2.2% are severely food insecure.

Altiplano

Only 27% of households are food secure, 53.2% are marginally food secure, 18.3% moderately food insecure, and 1.4% severely food insecure.

Chaco

32.1% of households are food secure, 51.4% are marginally food secure, 15% moderately food insecure, and 1.4% severely food insecure.

Valleys

Only 22% of households are food secure, 58.4% are marginally food secure, 18.3% moderately food insecure, and 1.1% severely food insecure.

Capacity to cope

The study also analyzed the ability of households to cope with the crisis, with the aim of measuring their resilience. Two indicators were considered: 1) proportion of spending on food, and 2) livelihood-based strategies.

The proportion of food expenditure was calculated based on both monetary spending—how much money households spend monthly on food—and non-monetary spending, which includes food consumed from reserves, exchanges, or humanitarian assistance, valued at market prices by the surveyed population.

The study concluded that 56.7% of households are economically vulnerable. Of these, 18.8% spend between 65% and 75% of their income on food (vulnerable), and 37.7% spend more than 75% (highly vulnerable).

Meanwhile, 22.7% of households have borderline spending (between 50% and 65%), and 20.8% spend less than 50% on food, considered a secure group.

The average monthly food expenditure is 866.9 bolivianos and the average non-food expenditure is 427.8 bolivianos.

The total (sum of averages) is 1,285.6 bolivianos. However, differences are observed by department.

Frosts and hailstorms hit several regions of the country. Photo: Abi

The study warns that households in western Beni (1,276.5 bolivianos), as well as those in Chiquitania—where there is a high fire risk—spend most on food. The same occurs in Pando (1,803.5 bolivianos).

In Santa Cruz, the average spending is 1,490 bolivianos, in Tarija 1,375.1 bolivianos, in La Paz 1,282.7 bolivianos, in Potosí 1,237 bolivianos, in Cochabamba 1,162 bolivianos, and in Chuquisaca 1,048 bolivianos.

According to Senamhi, the 2023–2024 drought has had a significant impact across all regions of Bolivia, with adverse effects on agriculture, livestock, and water access. For this reason, the study emphasizes the need to continue implementing adaptation and mitigation measures, raise awareness about sustainable water management, and promote policies that strengthen community resilience.

Senamhi’s drought monitoring platform allows identification of drought severity by region, and therefore, priority actions include: strengthening early warning systems to enable quicker response; promoting research in drought-resistant crops and agricultural practices; and increasing investment in water infrastructure to ensure constant access to water.

Additionally, the intense rains and floods in Bolivia during 2023–2025 exposed the vulnerability of various regions, especially in rural and peri-urban areas. Strengthening emergency prevention and response strategies is recommended.

Recommendations

Senamhi’s study recommends two types of aid for households facing food insecurity:
a) Provision of food; and
b) Provision of cash. It is also important to distinguish between immediate, medium-term, and long-term assistance.

Immediate food aid should be provided to severely food-insecure households for a period of one to two months. This will ensure coverage of basic needs for affected households, avoiding deterioration of the nutritional status of the most vulnerable age groups.

It is most effective for the poorest households that suffered the effects of floods due to the significant impact of natural disasters on staple food production, rising food prices, and scarcity, which disrupt markets.

The Study

  • Population: Households in municipalities with climate emergencies due to El Niño.
  • Sampling frame: Community list from the Census, 2013 Agricultural Census, and additional data from Civil Defense and Senamhi.
  • Method: Face-to-face data collection from January 23 to February 4, 2024.

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