When Gold Is Worth More Than Life: The Criminal Spiral of Illegal Mining in Bolivia | Cuando el oro vale más que la vida: la espiral criminal de la minería ilegal en Bolivia

By ANA Bolivia:

Cuando el oro vale más que la vida: la espiral criminal de la minería ilegal en Bolivia

“No effective control halts the flow of the mineral that enriches mafia networks while displacing communities, corrupting authorities, and replacing state power with de facto structures,” says Jaime Cuellar.

La Paz, May 11 (ANA).- Bolivia is on the verge of a silent territorial takeover, fueled not only by illegal gold but by “illegal mining per se,” where what once were marginal subsistence operations have evolved into armed structures with logistical capacity, economic power, and political backing, says analyst Jaime Cuellar.

Environmental News Agency, ANA

“Gold extraction, far from being under state control, has become the epicenter of a criminal economy (…). Official promises to halt land seizures and illegal mining in mining areas crash against a structurally perverse reality,” says the legal expert specializing in illegal mining.

Cuellar asserts that while government speeches call for order and claim measures that will “cut the problem at the root,” the institutions legally tasked with doing so are incapable of achieving their goals because they lack the regulatory and operational framework to do so.

“No effective control halts the flow of the mineral that enriches mafia networks while displacing communities, corrupting authorities, and replacing state power with de facto structures. Gold mining has become a business of blood: wherever it reaches, it imposes itself through violence, expels legitimate titleholders, subverts the rule of law, and generates a parallel economy based on intimidation, impunity, and bribery,” he states.

However, the Jurisdictional Administrative Mining Authority (AJAM), responsible for granting mining rights and fighting illegal mining, has also proven to be a non-transparent institution, co-opted by sectoral interests linked to the cooperative sector, and at the center of corruption denouncements.

“Not Accidental”

The recent deaths in Sorata and Arapata as a result of clashes over mining veins were not accidental, according to the analyst, who asserts they are the logical consequence of an informal extractivist model, where over 80% of gold mining operations in northern La Paz operate outside the law, often connected to and protected by “bad” cooperatives that in many cases are fronts for criminal economies that launder money, finance weapons, and destroy communities.

Cuellar claims Bolivia is sitting on a “metallic and non-metallic time bomb,” where gold, tin, tungsten, indium, and coltan are considered strategic minerals for the digital age.

“However, the country is bleeding out, with land seizures, murders, corruption, and environmental destruction marking the advance of illegal mining which, far from diminishing, grows with the consent of a complicit or collapsed state apparatus,” he states.

In strategic regions like La Paz, Beni, Pando, and now also Santa Cruz—due to the presence of rare earths—he warns of alarming signs, such as the presence of armed groups that present themselves as supporters or protection agents for legal and illegal mining actors. These groups operate with military discipline, access heavy machinery, control clandestine airstrips and routes, and have begun to infiltrate or co-opt state institutions.

“These groups replicate the model observed in areas like Pataz, in northern Peru, and in the killings that occurred in the Ecuadorian Amazon at the hands of illegal miners, where organized crime has established criminal governance with firepower, territorial administration, and transnational export networks.”

The expansion of these structures in Bolivia suggests a critical shift from tolerated illegal economies to consolidated criminal economies, the legal expert states.

In this context, he says that if the State does not redefine its mining policy with a comprehensive national security approach, gold and other minerals will continue to be worth more than life, and with that, not only control over natural resources but over entire territories will be lost.

In his view, illegal mining in Bolivia advances not because the State has failed, but because it has chosen not to act, where omission is not the result of weakness but of calculation. “In this country, inaction in the face of one of the most harmful crimes against constitutional order—the systematic destruction of national territory and the takeover of the mining sector by illicit networks—has become de facto public policy,” he emphasizes.

ANA

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