Paola Nogales: Studies jaguar genome | Estudia el genoma del jaguar

By Brújula Digital

Bolivian biologist studies jaguar genome to save the species and fight trafficking

Paola Nogales, a Bolivian biologist, is leading a pioneering investigation that uses genomics to trace the illegal trafficking of jaguars in Bolivia

Paola Nogales in a laboratory. Photo: Tim Hartrick.

Bolivian biologist Paola Nogales is leading a pioneering investigation that uses genomics to trace the illegal trafficking of jaguars in Bolivia. Her work aims not only to identify the trade routes of jaguar parts but also to provide tools for their conservation.

For more than three years, Nogales traveled through the Amazon, the Chaco, and the Pantanal in search of remains of illegally hunted jaguars. Her goal was to obtain genetic material to analyze the DNA of these felines and contribute to their protection.

This work gave rise to the project Improving Jaguar Conservation Through Genomics, an initiative under the Felids Bolivia Research Program, which employs whole genome sequencing to trace the illegal trafficking of jaguars and preserve the species.

The project is being developed in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of the Institute of Chemical Research at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés.

“You see on CSI (the TV show) that from a single hair they can extract DNA and determine where it comes from—we’re doing the same thing but applied to animals. That’s when I started to carve my path into genetics,” explains Nogales, who works at Bolivia’s National Museum of Natural History.

Thanks to advances in genetic technology, it is now possible to identify the origin of hunted jaguars and the routes used by traffickers. With this information, the scientist aims to develop effective conservation strategies and provide evidence to combat the illegal trade in jaguar parts.

Trafficking routes

Nogales has determined that there are two main jaguar populations in Bolivia: one in the north and one in the south, with four well-defined genetic signatures.

Through the analysis of 29 samples collected from different regions of the country, she identified critical trafficking points, especially in Beni and northern Santa Cruz.

“We have some pelts from northern Santa Cruz. So, we would consider these places as those with the most trafficking,” the biologist points out.

Conflict with ranchers

“What might be happening is that this is related to the conflict jaguars have with cattle ranchers. When a jaguar attacks livestock, ranchers often retaliate by hiring someone to kill the animal. Then, the animal’s parts end up on the black market.”

This conflict poses a serious threat to the species. Nogales highlights the importance of implementing biological corridors that allow connectivity between jaguar populations and reduce the impact of hunting.

“If we have ranching areas where this problem occurs, there will be zones without jaguars, affecting the ecological balance.”

Forensic science for conservation

The use of advanced genomic sequencing techniques has allowed Nogales and her team to obtain key information about jaguar trafficking in Bolivia.

“This is cutting-edge technology and we’re applying it to conservation,” she explains. With just a single sample, it’s possible to obtain the complete genetic map of a jaguar, reducing the need for large quantities of specimens for analysis.

Nogales’ work has received international recognition. In 2023, her proposal to track jaguar trafficking through DNA earned her a win at the Falling Walls Lab competition in Berlin.

Moreover, the researcher hopes this technology can be used across Latin America to trace other endangered species. “I would like them to use the genome in different countries and have their own tracking systems for different species,” she says.

Toward more effective protection

One of the main challenges in the fight against jaguar trafficking is the lack of legal proceedings to punish those responsible. Nogales hopes her studies can serve as tools to support legal cases and generate more effective conservation policies.

“We want to find out if Bolivia is a point of origin for wildlife trafficking or also a transit hub to send animals to China,” she notes.

In the future, the scientist hopes to develop a technique similar to the PCR test used for COVID-19, with swabs that can identify jaguar genomics and distinguish their DNA from that of other felines such as the puma.

“If we know where the jaguars come from, we can identify which areas need more careful conservation and track the path of their trafficking,” concludes Nogales.

Thanks to these studies, there is now a key scientific tool to fight the illegal trade of jaguars and ensure their protection in Bolivia and the region.  

BD/MS/JA

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