Indigenous fighting to protect water sources against mining companies polluting the Pilcomayo River | Ayllu lucha por sus vertientes contra mineras que contaminan el Pilcomayo

By Carlos Quisbert, Vision 360:

Talina, Potosí

The ayllu is fighting to protect its water sources against mining companies polluting the Pilcomayo River

Four companies have been operating without environmental licenses. The Tupiza Municipality claims to be unaware of the complaints, while the Potosí Governor’s Office is awaiting a report.

Parte del río Talina, en Potosí, con el agua contaminada. Desemboca en el río San Juan del Oro y este, a su vez, en el Pilcomayo en Tarija. Foto: Ayllu Talina

Part of the Talina River in Potosí is contaminated, and its waters flow into the San Juan del Oro River, which eventually reaches the Pilcomayo in Tarija. Photo: Ayllu Talina

The gold buried beneath the Ayllu Talina has only brought ruin to the over 800 families living in its nine communities, spread across two provinces and two municipalities in the Potosí department. Mercury and other chemical residues used by miners pollute underground springs near the Talina River, whose flow reaches the San Juan del Oro and finally empties into the Pilcomayo River in Tarija.

The community members, owners of these lands, state that the wealth generated by illegal mining companies, operating under the eyes of municipal and departmental authorities, does not reach them. They are aware that even if miners were to give them a share of the gold, in the future, when the miners abandon the lands, leaving them barren and desolate, this precious metal will be of no use to buy something vital for the survival of their ayllu: water.

“Those of us who live off what our land produces in Ayllu Talina want the miners to leave. They know they are illegal, operating without our permission and polluting the springs, water sources, and the Talina River. They have even been reported from Tarija; authorities came to shut down their mines because the contamination reaches the Pilcomayo. That’s why we are denouncing them, we want them to stop and be expelled; the communities don’t benefit, and the damage to the land is greater,” said cacique Olga Alicia Toconas Velas to Visión 360.

She states that for some time, “the farmland has become salty, and since 2018, the water in the wells has noticeably decreased. When it rains, and the water brings (mineral waste) along the path and the river, that soil enters our fields, and the production is no longer there,” Toconas laments.

The indigenous authority raises the complaint in a distressed tone because the grievances of the nine communities that make up her ayllu are not being addressed by the authorities, and because she and her leaders have already faced harassment and verbal abuse. Additionally, the miners have threatened them with legal action in retaliation for the defense of their land.

Location of the Ayllu Talina, which comprises nine communities in the municipalities of Tupiza and Villazón. Photo: Vice Ministry of Lands

Senator Cecilia Requena, from Comunidad Ciudadana, argues that the violent behavior of cooperative miners and the criminalization of environmental defenders have become characteristic of such conflicts, due to the systematic violation of individual and collective human rights, as well as the environmental degradation of the territory, particularly water sources.

The legislator emphasizes that “historically,” mining companies have operated with little transparency, fueling distrust and discontent among affected communities. This point was confirmed in past administrations, when four mining companies were “sanctioned” with the suspension of their activities after the overflow of toxic waste from sedimentation pits was confirmed, endangering the water of the San Juan del Oro River.

The fact that these companies have tailings dams that exceeded their capacity is a confirmation that they have been operating for several years without environmental licenses.

Facts

According to Olga Toconas, the Ayllu Talina area affected by illegal mining consists of nine communities: Casilda, Chakicocha, Chipihuayco, Talina, Checona, Iriccina Peña, Blanca del Carmen, San José de Pampa Grande, and Entre Ríos de Acanapa.

These communities are located in the Potosí provinces of Sur Chichas and Modesto Omiste, specifically within the jurisdictions of the municipalities of Tupiza and Villazón. The latter borders the department of Tarija to the south and is part of the border with Argentina, sharing the waters of the Pilcomayo River.

Community members of Talina perform maintenance on the channels of an underground spring. Photo: Ayllu Talina

According to data from the Vice Ministry of Lands, the organization of the Ayllus of Talina has indigenous characteristics; their communities are affiliated with the Council of the Chicha and Wisijsa Nations and, at the national level, belong to the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu.

Cacique Toconas states that community members have identified more than 10 companies operating illegally throughout their territory. Some lack authorization from the community, most do not have the environmental license, which is a state competency; others also do not have the operating license granted by the municipalities, but all, the communities assert, violate laws regarding the safe handling of their waste.

Most communities depend on the agricultural production of garlic, corn, fava beans, and potatoes. They also raise livestock such as goats, cows, donkeys, pigs, and other types of wild animals.

“People have reported that goats have been born with deformities in their legs and eyes. We are documenting everything, but in the first cases, people got scared and sacrificed them. It’s a nightmare; we no longer feel safe living on our own land,” the cacique recounts.

Municipalities

In contrast, the municipalities of Tupiza, Villazón, and the Potosí Governor’s Office claim they have not received official complaints about the drama these communities are experiencing. However, Toconas points out that, due to the authorities’ indifference, they decided to seek independent help and organized themselves to obtain irrefutable evidence, including water analyses to confirm the presence of mercury, a chemical element used by illegal cooperativists to separate gold from the earth.

In November 2023, specialists collected samples at 12 points, including springs, underground sources, and rivers. The results confirmed that the water shows toxic levels of various minerals; the documents will be submitted as evidence to the municipal authorities and the Potosí Governor’s Office.

However, regarding mercury, experts explained to the community members that samples should be taken during specific weather conditions when it rains because this element settles in the beds of water sources.

“The municipalities know that we have conducted the analyses, but the environmental officials do not want to take action; they blame each other. They tell us it’s the responsibility of the other municipality or that we must wait for the Departmental Secretary of Mother Earth and Environment to respond, but we, our animals, and our crops continue to suffer from the contamination,” laments the cacique.

Machinery from one of the illegal mining companies near the Talina River. Photo:Ayllu Talina

In contact with Visión 360, the Environmental Officer of Tupiza, Hugo Vedia, stated that the community members did not present any complaints and that no operating licenses have been issued for the past year.

However, the departmental secretary of Mother Earth from the Potosí Governorate, Aldo Tejerina, contradicted this version and indicated to this outlet that, on one hand, last year that agency moved to halt the operations of four cooperatives that were operating without environmental licenses in the municipality of Tupiza, along the San Juan del Oro River basin.

One specific case was that of the Azulejos Cooperative. In addition to lacking an environmental license, its sedimentation pond had overflowed with material. He explained that a ruling from the Agro-environmental Court is still pending.

Nevertheless, he assured that after conducting water analyses, no toxic residues were found. “We have the results; we have informed the judge handling the case in the Agro-environmental Court in Tarija and are awaiting their determination,” said the secretary.

Tejerina mentioned that they also do not have a record of an official complaint from the Ayllu Talina, but due to unofficial reports that reached that agency last week, they requested documents from the Tupiza Mayor’s Office, which has yet to deliver the requested materials.

Bureaucracy

For the leaders of Ayllu Talina, the authorities complicate any solution, deny that they have not made complaints, and discredit the work of officials for drowning their requests in bureaucratic responses that only serve to allow mining companies to remain unpunished. Visión 360 reviewed several letters sent to different entities that clearly express the context.

Plaza de Talina, featuring the monument to General Rufino Carrasco, a war hero. Photo: Los Tiempos

In July 2021, the negligent attitude of the authorities prompted the community members to take action, and after blocking access to mining exploitation areas, they successfully prevented the entry of a new illegal mining operation.

The residents, mostly elderly, reported that the cooperativists brought in supplies and heavy machinery for gold extraction without the community’s authorization.

“Our leaders have clearly explained in all the letters and meetings that we do not agree with mining exploitation,” Toconas asserts. She also pointed out that the cooperativists have initiated actions that create division among the communities, as one of them authorized the exploitation of its resources in exchange for 1,000 bolivianos annually.

“These miners use large amounts of water, which they then discharge into the river; the damage to our land cannot be reversed, which is why we do not accept the continuation of mining companies. We demand that the authorities listen to us,” the chief concluded.

Leave a comment