The Bolivian Pontius Pilate and the seven plagues | El Poncio Pilatos boliviano y las siete plagas

By Napoleón Pacheco, Brújula Digital:

|OPINIÓN|El Poncio Pilatos boliviano y las siete plagas|Napoleón Pacheco|

On the night of Sunday, September 8, President Luis Arce presented himself as the Bolivian Pontius Pilate. Why? He claimed that the reason for the dollar shortage, one of the symptoms of the crisis, was Evo Morales, as he “did not take care” of the “nationalization” since there was no investment in exploration during his administration. However, as Raúl Peñaranda points out, he forgets that he was the Minister of Economy and Public Finance for 12 of Morales’ 14 years in office.

In other words, he washed his hands, as if he had nothing to do with the public investment budgets established annually by the general state budgets, which are drawn up by the ministry he headed and sent to the Legislative Assembly for approval. As the czar of the economy, Arce was in charge of the budget guidelines each year and decided in which sectors of the economy to invest and how much to invest. Even though he was not the Minister of Hydrocarbons, as the head of the economic cabinet, he had the final say.

On the other hand, he claimed that as minister and president, he faced almost the seven biblical plagues: the rise in global food prices, increased container rental costs, global inflation, “El Niño” and “La Niña” phenomena, COVID-19, the private sector’s trade deficit, high oil prices, and, on top of that, the sabotage by the Legislative Assembly, which has not approved $1.076 billion in external credit. In other words, he is a victim of others and circumstances. But he is resisting.

Pontius Pilate added nothing new to what the public already knows about the crisis, and the announcement of the press conference regarding measures to address the dollar shortage created false expectations. There were no measures at all.

When he stated that “the nationalization was not taken care of,” let’s clarify that there was no nationalization. Conceptually, nationalization means expropriation (with compensation) or confiscation (without compensation) of a private asset; the state immediately takes over its management through a state-owned company. Historically, in Bolivia, this was the form and substance of nationalizations in the oil (1937 and 1969) and mining (1952) sectors. On May 1, 2006, there was simply a change of contracts, and foreign companies continued producing oil and natural gas.

He ignored vital aspects of the crisis, emerging, in his interpretation, from the “nationalization,” such as the excessive “government take.” Even Arce himself said in the past that Bolivia had “the highest gas revenue control in the world, ranging between 74% and 90% of the income of oil companies.” A regime like this, praised by Arce Catacora, is considered aggressive and confiscatory, with “the potential to extinguish risky investments in exploration,” according to the IDB in 2020.

This excessive tax burden, coupled with the contract changes, creates uncertainty and makes it unfeasible for foreign companies, which contribute more than two-thirds of the production of liquids and natural gas, to make risky investments.

He also did not address the fiscal deficit, which since 2014 has been close to 10% of GDP and, at this point, has become structural, unsustainable, and has no clear sources of financing. He did not mention the constant deficits of state-owned companies or the collapse of net international reserves, and consequently, the currency crisis.

He complained about the Legislative Assembly not approving pending loans, calling it internal sabotage; he overlooked the fact that between 2006 and 2007, the G7 forgave 55% of the external debt (it dropped from $4.942 billion in 2005 to $2.298 billion in 2008). Of course, he remained silent about the external debt starting in 2008, during his tenure as Minister of Economy. Under his leadership, external debt rose by 390%, multiplying fivefold (from $2.298 billion in 2007 to $11.268 billion in 2019).

On three occasions, he issued sovereign debt bonds (2012, 2013, and 2017) for a total of $2 billion, causing an increase in the debt balance and payments of principal and interest.

Finally, the anti-crisis policy was absent. His proposal for industrialization with import substitution, a proposal from CEPAL in the 1960s, to save dollars, when state-owned companies are in deficit, is simply a way to increase state employment and, consequently, fiscal spending. Even the administrative measures taken under pressure from businesses have not been fully implemented.

The production of biofuels to replace diesel imports does not seem to yield immediate results. The possible Mayaya field has not yet completed exploratory work. In short, the government, as I have repeatedly stated, does not have a roadmap that at least provisionally establishes the main measures to be implemented and sends a signal of certainty to the public.

What does this mean? The economy will continue to deteriorate. Until when…? Pontius Pilate seems to recall what Keynes said: “In the long run, we are all dead.”

Napoleón Pacheco Torrico is an economist.

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