Navigating Economic Turbulence: Past and Present | Navegando la Turbulencia Económica: Pasado y Presente

By Juan Antonio Morales, Vision 360:

The lessons of DS21060 for the current situation

Stabilization now, as in 1985, could consist of exchange rate unification, fiscal consolidation, no more central bank credits to the government and its enterprises, and renegotiation of external debt.

In the 1980-1985 quinquennium, the country faced some conditions similar to those prevailing today, although there were also significant differences. Among the similar conditions was a delicate fiscal situation, with high deficits and great difficulties in financing them. The country’s sources of external financing had dried up. There were no more credits from international private banks, not even for refinancing. Nor was there a private domestic financial market that would acquire securities, whether government bonds or central bank bonds. The only remaining source was central bank credits, which, not having foreign currency, were granted in national currency, that is, by issuing money. This money issuance led the country into a perverse inflationary dynamic, culminating in the hyperinflation of 1985. One price that set the pace of inflation was the parallel exchange rate, which at times reached thirteen times the official exchange rate.

DS21060 tackled head-on the two problems, that of the exchange rate and the high fiscal deficit. Stabilization primarily relied on exchange rate unification, which was achieved by allowing complete exchange rate freedom and managed floating. The intervention instrument to execute managed floating was the central bank’s exchange auction system. Foreign currencies were auctioned in this system, a market mechanism. For the fiscal component, internal fuel prices produced and sold by YPFB were strongly adjusted. In practice, YPFB financed the stabilization. In addition to exchange rate unification and fiscal consolidation, markets for goods, credit, and partially labor were liberalized.

Debt relief was not part of DS21060, but the government at the time perceived that it was essential to reduce debt service. It negotiated the repurchase of credits (“buy-back”) at 11 cents per dollar owed.

DS21060 quickly ended high inflation. However, inflation rates would not reach single digits until 1996. Stabilization, however, was not complete because the reconstruction of the monetary base was mainly in dollars rather than in national currency. Bolivianization is relatively recent.

Just as there are similarities, there are also significant differences from what was happening in 1985. Firstly, the 2024 economy is nearly ten times larger than that of 1985. The population is almost eight times larger and much more urbanized. There is also a larger middle class. Noteworthy is the significant growth in the automotive fleet, which implies high demand for fuels, gasoline, and diesel. In 1985, demand was much lower and could be met by local production.

The financial system now is several times larger than it was in 1985. It is also more capitalized, regulated, supervised, and technologically advanced. It has many more strengths than in 1985 but, due to its size, requires careful attention.

The initial conditions of the two crises were also different. The 1985 crisis was preceded by a period of high inflation, which was accelerating, and high external indebtedness. In contrast, for a long time, including these years of exchange rate crisis, inflation has been well controlled, anchoring expectations of changes in it. Meanwhile, external debt as a percentage of GDP is low (30%).

Stabilization now, as in 1985, could consist of exchange rate unification, fiscal consolidation, no more central bank credits to the government and its enterprises, and renegotiation of external debt. The immediate impact of these measures would predictably be to increase inflation, followed by a recession, but due to current strengths, it can be expected that these negative effects will be short-lived. With a bit of luck, macroeconomic normality would be restored for another forty years.

*The opinion expressed in this article is the sole responsibility of the author and does not represent an official position of Visión 360.

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