More on the Elimination of Social Welfare Benefits | Más sobre la eliminación de los bonos sociales

Antonio Saravia, El Deber:

My article from two weeks ago, which argued for the need to eliminate social welfare benefits, has sparked several reactions and a couple of interesting articles. Enrique Velazco and Roberto Laserna have joined the debate, expressing their opinions in separate columns that appeared in Brújula Digital.

Let me start by summarizing my original argument. Social welfare benefits cost us over a billion dollars in 2023. This is not a trivial amount for our small economy. A billion dollars represents a third of the fiscal deficit, 60% of our international reserves, and 70% of the subsidy for hydrocarbons (the main factor explaining our fiscal woes). The financing of the Renta Dignidad (by far the most significant benefit, representing 86% of the billion dollars) would have to come from 30% of the IDH and the profits of state-owned enterprises. However, given that 1) the IDH has decreased to a third of its 2014 value and will continue to plummet as we no longer have gas, and 2) state-owned enterprises do not generate profits, the financing of social welfare benefits has been severely compromised.

Faced with this reality, the government approved in 2022 the use of the profits from the Public Pensions Manager to pay for the Renta Dignidad, and in the same year presented a draft law that creates a new tax on the salaries of dependent workers, independent workers, and consultants. According to the Milenio Foundation, the draft establishes “solidarity contributions” of 0.3% on salaries ranging from Bs 2,164 to Bs 10,000, and 0.5% to 3% on higher total incomes. In summary, the reality is that social welfare benefits will be financed in the near future by reaching into people’s pockets.

On the benefits side, social welfare benefits do not seem to generate a significant reduction in poverty and certainly do not create the right incentives for recipients. In my article, I cite a study by ECLAC that concludes that social welfare benefits only reduced total poverty in Bolivia by 0.1 percentage point between 2016 and 2017. Moreover, it is crucial to emphasize that welfare benefits give people the fish, not the fishing rod. This creates an economic dependency among recipients (reducing, marginally, incentives to be productive) and also provides a significant opportunity for politicians to buy the favor of different social groups. For all these reasons, I conclude that social welfare benefits should be eliminated.

Enrique Velazco’s article is confusing. Initially, he agrees on the elimination of benefits because they do not have a significant effect on poverty reduction and because they are used for political purposes. So far, complete agreement. Velazco adds that people use the money to buy imported products, and therefore, the benefits do not generate multiplier effects within the country. Although this is not the central point, I must briefly say that he is mistaken in this. That’s the old nationalist criticism of imports. What Velazco does not see is that buying cheap imported products saves money for the national consumer and therefore frees up resources that will later be invested in producing something in which we do have a comparative advantage. The savings afforded by imports and smuggling also generate a multiplier effect. Therefore, this is not a valid reason to oppose benefits.

In a central point where we do not agree, Velazco argues, “if benefits helped reduce structural poverty, even if they affect the deficit, they would justify their existence.” I disagree. Fiscal deficits are tremendously harmful, and nothing should justify them (unless we are talking about emergencies or catastrophes) because their financing comes through debt or printing money. The former mortgages the future of the people because it must be paid back in the future by increasing taxes and paying interest, and the latter generates inflation, which is essentially a tax on the poorest. But the premise is wrong from the start: benefits do not reduce structural poverty! The only thing that does is sustainable employment in the private sector.

The rest of Velazco’s article describes what he sees as a malfunctioning financial system. In his view, the financial system is harmful because it generates many profits, which he sees as a drain on productive resources. We can debate at length about the level of competitiveness in the financial system and what to do to increase it, but what does this have to do with benefits?

Laserna’s article presents a more interesting argument. He doesn’t seem concerned that benefit financing has run out and that they now represent a significant part of the fiscal deficit. His argument is that to eliminate the fiscal deficit, other, more inefficient expenses should be reduced or eliminated. Laserna cites examples such as university budgets, military budgets, bureaucracy, subsidies, and state-owned enterprises. In short, Laserna argues for maintaining benefits at all costs, even if the IDH is zero, by sacrificing other expenses. The argument is that cash transfers allow individuals to decide what to buy, rather than politicians deciding for them.

Economists call these arguments second-best arguments. Indeed, it is always better for people to decide what to do with their money than for politicians to decide for them. The problem is, it’s not their money! In a context where the IDH disappears, the money for benefits comes from taxes, that is, from the pockets of others. Laserna rightly argues that “money is more productive in the hands of the people than in the hands of bureaucracy,” but ignores that the money to pay for those benefits will come precisely from the hands of people who pay taxes. Wouldn’t it be better, then, to let that money stay with those who earned it and let those people voluntarily decide whom to help if they wish to do so?

It is very true, on the other hand, that there are many inefficient expenses that should be eliminated along with benefits. I myself have strongly argued that subsidies for hydrocarbons and all state-owned enterprises should be eliminated, that bureaucracy should be halved and ministries reduced to only 10, and that health and education should be privatized, etc. If all of that were done, of course, there would be less pressure to eliminate social welfare benefits, but that does not mean they should not be eliminated. First, because, once again, their financing comes from taxes, which limits the freedom of choice of the people who pay them, and second, because benefits create dependency and patronage, and reduce incentives to be productive.

The best social policy will always be freedom and unrestricted respect for private property. When these conditions are present, individuals have productive incentives, and private employment is generated. But these conditions are achieved by reducing taxes, reducing fiscal spending, and maintaining sound fiscal accounts. Social welfare benefits, like subsidies for hydrocarbons, bureaucracy, and state-owned enterprises, have already seriously jeopardized the solvency of the state and macroeconomic stability. It is time to stop spending recklessly on all fronts.

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