Lack of institutionality | Carencia de institucionalidad

Carlos Toranzo Roca, Brujula Digital:

We lost the Pacific War because Bolivia had a weak State that did not have a presence in its entire territory, with ravenous institutions; on the other hand, Chile had developed a solid State with more efficient institutions than those that existed in Bolivia.

Many scholars of the Bolivian reality affirm that in Bolivia there has never existed a State that has developed and credible institutions; Almost in unison, they launch the hypothesis that historically Bolivia had more civil society than the State, which is why the strongest institution is that of politics in the streets.

Here, in line with neoinstitutionalism, we understand institutions as habits or customs to follow; these can be framed in laws or only exist as social behaviors and customs. Precisely for this reason we say that politics in the streets is the stellar institution of the country, it has more strength and influence than the Judicial and Legislative powers. The masses in the streets know how to launch their demands and wrest their demands from the State; It is in the streets, more than at the polls, where governments have been overturned.

In Bolivia, the citizenry is weak, the task of building up the citizen is incomplete, so it is natural that the masses, protesting, marching in the streets, blocking, crucifying themselves, or going on hunger strikes “to the last consequences”, achieve their claims. But the protesting masses are aware of their rights and almost never of their obligations. The masses, in their mobilizations, had democratic content when they marched against military dictatorships, but many times they have mobilized with conservative codes, the masses that accompanied the hanging of Villarroel were closer to the conservative proposals of the oligarchies than to advanced ideas of democracy. This is also the case with the masses co-opted by the MAS who move with conservative, archaic and authoritarian codes.

The 1952 Revolution did not lead to the construction of a party system, it did not build the checks and balances necessary for any democracy; Although in 1956 there were elections with universal voting for the first time, these were more of a scrutiny than elections; Although they had already been won in advance by the MNR, paradoxically it still committed open fraud, since there was no democratic institutionality, the electoral authority did not exist as an independent institution.

Even during the first phase of agreed democracy, the electoral institution was weak and totally dependent on the Executive, which is why the Gang of Four had to be left behind and a National Electoral Court of notables had to be formed, they gave autonomy to the electoral authority and began the independent construction of that Institution; However, during the process of change, the institutionality of electoral power was eroded in such a way that with the MAS of Morales and Arce, that power is once again an appendix of the Executive.

Parliament and the Judiciary obediently accept the decisions of the Executive, which means that they have not become autonomous institutions that fulfill their powers in favor of citizens. Formally, the Judiciary is elected by citizen vote, in reality the Legislative Branch – with a massist majority – did so without paying attention to meritocracy but only following its partisan interest. This means that this power is deinstitutionalized, even more so when we know that its rulings are made “à la carte”, according to the convenience of the Executive.

Years ago the members of the Constitutional Court accepted Morales’ re-nomination, in doing so they demonstrated that the Judiciary was under his control; Now by punishing Morales, preventing his candidacy, what they do is demonstrate that his decisions emanate, once again, from the Executive; That is the shame of a Judiciary that during the MAS governments has been and is servile to the Government.

When the power of the leader is absolute, be it the case of Morales or Arce, his followers – the judiciary – understand that the word of the leader is final, which is why they make the decisions to keep him in power.

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