By Jorge Quispe, El Pais:

From Books to the Harvest: The Exodus of Thousands of Young Bolivians Seeking in Chile the Opportunities Bolivia Denies Them

De los libros a la cosecha: el éxodo de miles de jóvenes bolivianos que buscan en Chile las oportunidades que Bolivia les niega

Fruit harvesting in Chile, tasks for which young people from Bolivia are hired. Photo: El Ciudadano Portal

Juan David’s alarm clock no longer rings at six in the morning in a Bolivian city. Instead, it goes off at 5:30 a.m. in northern Chile, amid the cold of the Andes and the accumulated exhaustion of fruit harvesting. “If you want to make money, you have breakfast, prepare your coca leaves, and get to work… your life is focused solely on work,” he says in a video spreading rapidly on TikTok, the social media platform that has become the new roadmap for thousands of young Bolivians migrating not only from La Paz and El Alto, but also from Santa Cruz, Pando, Cochabamba, Tarija, and other cities. 

Like Juan David, a tide of young people is crossing borders, driven by a national reality suffocated by economic crisis, political and social conflict—marked by tensions, protests, road blockades, and difficulties in establishing dialogue—and by a climate crisis looming as one of the main threats to well-being. 

“This money is really worth something. The harvest was good—80,000 pesos by midday. Eighty thousand pesos is like 800 bolivianos,” Juan David says on TikTok. Bolivia educates them in schools and universities, but fails to retain them. According to sociologist and migration specialist Alfonso Hinojosa, Chile has become a destination that massively attracts Bolivian labor because of the enormous difference in the purchasing power of wages compared with Bolivia’s internal crisis and the limited job opportunities the country can offer. 

They are trained in Bolivia, but the lack of opportunities and persistent political and social tensions push them toward migration, tempted by better-paying jobs. 

More than half of those who decide to cross the border are between 18 and 29 years old, says the researcher. The effects of climate change in rural areas are another decisive factor driving young people away. 

Hinojosa puts it bluntly: “Today, Chile represents for South America what the United States represents for migrants. In terms of purchasing power, what you earn there has value in your homeland.” But he warns of the high cost: “Bolivia trains human talent in schools and universities and then loses it because it cannot provide employment opportunities. Our productive engine is leaving; our most important human capital is generating wealth for other countries.” 

The Future Simmers Slowly

However, for many, the promise of entrepreneurship or a university degree collides with the urgency of survival. That is the story of Yasiel, a 27-year-old professional who completed her medical studies in Bolivia and now serves meals as a cook in Calama, northern Chile, a territory that once belonged to Bolivia. 

“I arrived a year and seven months ago through a cousin who was already here. I was hired to wash dishes, then became a kitchen assistant, and now they trust me with the kitchen. I needed money and had two options: stay in Bolivia and work for two years to save the amount I needed, or come here and achieve it in less time,” she told Sumando Voces by phone.

Her original goal was clear: to gather the funds needed to pay for her hospital internship. However, the wage and labor contrast opened her eyes. While an entry-level doctor in Bolivia earns about 5,000 bolivianos, Yasiel—who has learned to cook Chilean dishes such as ajiaco—earns 8,000 bolivianos net per month, without paying rent or food expenses, achieving a stability her homeland denied her. 

For now, she is saving money to return home and complete her internship, but after obtaining her degree she intends to practice medicine in Chile. Hundreds of others have turned to construction and mining, sectors where Bolivian labor is highly valued. 

“Here I have found many more opportunities. I already have temporary identification that allows me to work legally. At least for men there is a huge amount of work, and they can earn the equivalent of 15,000 bolivianos a month as construction workers and miners. They work on a 15/15 system: fifteen days of intensive work and fifteen days off,” she explains. 

Most of her customers are mine workers, laborers, and truck drivers. “I’ve met young Bolivians from everywhere: Santa Cruz, Pando, Oruro, Chuquisaca, and Tarija—not just La Paz,” she says. 

During peak season, Yasiel prepares meals for around 280 people a day; during slower periods, about 50. Yet her income remains the same. “The eight-hour workday is respected; if you work more, you get paid overtime,” she says. 

Every week, Chilean companies advertise openings for fruit harvesting and other jobs through TikTok. The message is aimed particularly at young Bolivians, who have formed networks not only to communicate but also to protect one another. 

“You cannot think of a migrant, male or female, without this device, without a cellphone. Not only because it enables communication with family, but because it is the instrument through which they find jobs and also a tool for self-protection,” says Hinojosa. One of the dangers of migration is falling into the hands of human traffickers, but young migrants have woven networks to protect themselves. 

Cultivating Opportunities in Bolivia

Julio Jordán, political scientist and technician with the Fuerza Joven program of the Swiss NGO Solidar Suiza, warns about the impact of informality and labor precariousness. “Overall labor informality stands at 85%, while youth labor informality reaches 96.2%. Only one in ten young people has a formal job, and even those who do often work under precarious conditions and without decent wages,” he says. 

Jordán also believes that the 51 days of road blockades “have definitely affected the generation of employment opportunities. Several companies have closed, and young entrepreneurs have had to shut down their businesses and even reschedule debts.” 

This vulnerability hits pregnant young women and mothers especially hard. “Young women face a reality marked by childcare responsibilities, the need to generate income, restricted access to formal education, many do not even complete high school, and there is gender inequality and economic dependence.” 

Faced with this situation, Solidar Suiza’s Fuerza Joven program works actively in 20 municipalities across Bolivia, seeking to promote decent employment and self-employment through skills training and seed capital for young entrepreneurs in order to counter the lack of local alternatives. 

From Graduation to Harvesting: The New Routes of the Exodus

The exodus does not discriminate by profession or region. Desperation has even transformed transportation logistics. Whereas buses carrying migrants once departed mainly from El Alto, La Paz, and Oruro, they now leave continuously and directly from Santa Cruz and Cochabamba, offering exclusive routes to Santiago, Arica, Iquique, Calama, and other Chilean cities. 

The face of this urgency is reflected in young people such as Laura Sony, as she identifies herself on TikTok. She recalls with nostalgia how she graduated alongside her friend in February 2026 after four long years of academic effort, only to find herself a month later harvesting cilantro and green onions in Chilean fields. 

“We haven’t found work. She is harvesting cilantro and I’m harvesting green onions. What are we going to do? That’s life,” Laura says on her TikTok account. 

They traded books for pruning shears, ladders, and baskets used to collect fruit. 

Despite the harsh conditions, Bolivian seasonal workers—as they are now known—work through rain and even ignore national holidays such as August 6, Bolivia’s Independence Day, harvesting mandarins and other fruits without pause. Their collective goal remains unchanged: move forward, send money home, and avoid returning empty-handed. Another strategy, according to Hinojosa, is to work for three months and then return to Bolivia with their savings. 

Record Numbers and the New Engine of the North

This mass migration, not only of Bolivians, has reshaped regional balances. Official data from Chile’s National Migration Service reveal that a trend already visible before 2023 became fully consolidated in the first half of 2026: 70% of all people who processed work permits during that period were Bolivians (84,717 out of 121,977), completely surpassing Venezuelans, aided by the free Mercosur Visa. 

In fact, employers themselves help speed up work-permit procedures while young people pack their bags in Bolivia. This ease is another incentive to leave the country and pursue opportunities unavailable at home. 

This massive flow also supports thousands of households in Bolivia. According to reports published by La Razón and backed by figures from the Central Bank of Bolivia, remittances sent from Chile doubled between 2019 and 2023, rising from $159.3 million to $312.97 million, making Chile a key pillar of economic support for families while Bolivia’s productive engine continues to lose its youth. 

“In Chile you can earn money, but the work also takes away moments that never return. You trade family for loneliness. Your body gets used to pain, to sleeping little, and to eating quickly, but your heart never gets used to being far from the people you love,” another young worker says while describing his experience harvesting fruit in Chile on TikTok. 

Previous reports in this series showed how the countryside feeds the city, how the city sustains the countryside, how transport workers connect territories, and how families support one another during times of conflict. Now, thousands of young Bolivians demonstrate both their determination to prosper and their vital contribution to supporting their families from abroad.

What would need to change in Bolivia so that the desire to get ahead would not force them to cross a border?

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