A NEW EXCHANGE RATE REGIME IS NOW IN EFFECT IN BOLIVIA | EN BOLIVIA RIGE UN NUEVO RÉGIMEN CAMBIARIO

By Marcelo Nuñez:

At the beginning of the 1980s, Bolivia experienced one of the most tragic periods in its economic history. Hyperinflation dominated the economy, with price increases reaching 8,000 percent, a world record. Most macroeconomics textbooks mention this inflationary phenomenon and compare it to the one suffered by Germany after World War II. Monetary policy between 1982 and 1985 maintained a fixed or rigid exchange rate, pegged at 25 Bolivian Pesos per U.S. dollar. The shortage of foreign currency led to the emergence of a parallel market because the Central Bank was unable to provide the dollars demanded by the population.

The devaluation of the local currency accompanied hyperinflation in the same proportion. The purchasing power of economic agents declined within hours. Banks were not allowed to hold accounts in foreign currency, and ordinary citizens could save only in the national currency. The economy was completely out of control. In addition, most social sectors demanded wage increases and bonuses. The nation was engulfed in chaos, with strikes, marches, blockades, and other forms of unrest. International reserves had fallen to barely half a million U.S. dollars.

Fortunately for all Bolivians, then-President Hernán Siles Zuazo decided to shorten his term by one year, a heroic act given that the country was practically bankrupt. He called elections, and Víctor Paz Estenssoro assumed leadership of the nation. In his inaugural speech, the new president uttered a phrase that would remain in Bolivia’s history: “Bolivia is dying.” He then launched the famous Supreme Decree 21060, which concentrated all economic measures into a single decree.

Beginning in September 1985, Bolivia adopted a flexible or floating exchange rate regime. The value of the currency was determined by the supply and demand for U.S. dollars. To manage this process, the Central Bank created a department known as the “Bolsín,” whose main function was to administer the foreign currency available to the national financial system. If demand exceeded supply, the exchange rate would rise; in other words, control would be exercised through mini-devaluations or gradual depreciation of the local currency.

The policies implemented in the country quickly stabilized the main economic accounts, which had been deeply in deficit. Public confidence was reflected in a substantial increase in foreign-currency deposits. Banks began to attract and lend funds in U.S. dollars. International reserves grew, as did foreign direct investment, because the openness of the economy and the resulting stability generated confidence among international investors.

The success of what became known as the New Economic Policy left subsequent governments with little alternative but to maintain and continue a flexible or floating exchange rate regime. This monetary system prevents major imbalances in the balance of payments, ensuring that current account deficits remain manageable. Chronic deficits in these accounts tend to cause dramatic declines in international reserves.

Unfortunately, beginning in October 2011, monetary policy changed and the nation adopted a fixed exchange rate of 6.86 bolivianos per dollar for purchases and 6.96 for sales. The results of this policy are well known to all Bolivians. As macroeconomics experts have long warned, maintaining a fixed or rigid exchange rate for an extended period eventually depletes a country’s international reserves.

The current government, led by Rodrigo Paz Pereira, has once again implemented a system that worked well fifteen years ago. Bolivians lived with mini-devaluations for twenty-six years, so while this may seem new to younger generations, it is not unfamiliar to much of the population. However, most citizens in neighboring countries face not only the depreciation of their currencies but also the effects of inflation.

Over time, certain issues inherent to the new exchange rate regime will need to be addressed. One example is the policy known as “Bolivianization,” since a large concentration of financial resources remains denominated in local currency. The financial system urgently needs to resume operating with substantial volumes of foreign currency. Another adjustment involves establishing new parameters for determining the value of the Housing Development Unit (UFV). Policymakers still have significant work ahead of them.

Former President of the Santa Cruz College of Economists; Professor at U.A.G.R.M.

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