By Marcelo Núñez:

During the severe economic crisis that Bolivia experienced in the early 1980s, the government maintained an official exchange rate of 25 Bolivian pesos per U.S. dollar. However, in the parallel or informal market, the price of foreign currency rose day after day due to a clear shortage of hard currency; despite this, the street exchange rate reached 500 pesos per dollar. The administration of Hernán Siles Zuazo insisted on maintaining a fixed exchange rate, a benefit that was accessible only to businesspeople and politicians close to those in power. These flaws in the exchange rate system completely distorted prices, leading the country to record the worst hyperinflation in the world. Faced with this situation, Siles Zuazo demonstrated courage by resigning one year before the end of his presidential term.

In 1985, Víctor Paz Estenssoro assumed the presidency and implemented the historic Supreme Decree 21060. This measure transformed the nation’s economic policy by introducing a flexible exchange rate system. To achieve this, the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) launched the “Bolsín” mechanism, which operated through public auctions of foreign currency to private banking institutions. If purchase requests exceeded the amount available, the price of the dollar increased by one cent, a strategy technically known as mini-devaluations or a crawling peg. Since the BCB intervened indirectly to regulate the value of the currency and prevent it from depending entirely on the free market, the system became known as a “dirty float.”

The managed floating exchange rate model operated continuously until November 2011. At that time, Evo Morales’ administration froze devaluations, taking advantage of the fact that the country enjoyed a trade surplus and international reserves stood at around $14 billion. Although fixing and lowering the price of the dollar helped stabilize the cost of imported goods, it also triggered a massive increase in imports. As a direct consequence of this policy, international reserve funds gradually declined until they were practically exhausted.

Finally, the government of Rodrigo Paz Pereyra, through Supreme Decree No. 5503, brought the era of the fixed exchange rate to an end. Under this measure, the price of the U.S. currency began to be determined by actual purchase transactions within the financial system, with the average of those transactions being used by the BCB to periodically publish the official exchange rate. Today, exchange-rate reports show fluctuations and considerable volatility, demonstrating that the value of the dollar moves freely according to the forces of supply and demand. With this, Bolivia has taken the step toward a flexible exchange-rate system with a clean float.

Marcelo Núñez Araúz (Former President of the Santa Cruz Economists Association and Professor at U.A.G.R.M.)

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