The Economy Is Also Built in the Mind | La economía también se construye en la mente

By Óscar A. Heredia, El Diario:

“Every economic crisis ceases to be merely an experts’ concern when expectations replace confidence, and uncertainty, anxiety, insecurity, fear, profiteering, speculation, and old economic traumas reach the family shopping basket.”

Bolivians are being told today that there is sufficient liquidity, that the market will find its equilibrium, that inflation is under control, and that the measures adopted will restore stability. In this context, the adoption of a flexible exchange-rate regime introduces a new benchmark for the market and, with it, new expectations among citizens. We hear technical explanations, political criticism, ideological interpretations, and comparisons with other moments in our history.

Meanwhile, citizens experience a different reality. They do not look at charts or indicators; they look at whether they can find dollars when they need them, whether fuel is available, whether prices continue to rise, and, above all, whether their income lasts until the end of the month. Between official discourse and everyday life, something decisive for any economy begins to take shape: trust or distrust.

Bolivia knows this phenomenon well because it also has economic memory. Those of us who lived through the hyperinflation of the 1980s do not remember only the figures. We remember the long lines, money losing value, constant uncertainty, and the anguish of not knowing how much food would cost the next day. Crises pass, but experiences remain. And that memory continues to influence the decisions of millions of Bolivians.

For that reason, people rarely make economic decisions based solely on what is happening today. Most make them based on what they believe or fear may happen tomorrow. A family brings forward purchases to protect its income; a producer postpones investments; a merchant acts more cautiously; a saver seeks refuge for their money. In this way, expectations alter behavior, uncertainty feeds anxiety, anxiety generates insecurity, insecurity strengthens fear, and fear creates space for speculation and profiteering.

The economy speaks through numbers; citizens respond through decisions.

There is one place where all those decisions cease to be individual and acquire collective impact: commerce.

It is there that economic policies, monetary policy, production costs, imports, exports, remittances, supply, and demand converge. But economic memory, expectations, uncertainty, and the decisions each citizen makes to protect their family also arrive there.

In commerce, a public policy stops being a decree and becomes a price; an economic projection becomes a replacement cost; an expectation becomes an early purchase; a doubt becomes a postponed investment. The merchant calculates how much it will cost to restock merchandise; the producer decides whether to continue investing; the mother reorganizes the family basket; the worker delays expenses to preserve income. What seemed like an individual decision ultimately becomes collective behavior.

That is why commerce is not merely the place where goods and services are exchanged. It is the space where economics, memory, and public psychology meet. There, indicators stop being statistics and become human decisions. It reflects what a society believes, thinks, fears, and expects from its future.

Every economic policy is ultimately tested in commerce, because it is there that theory ceases to be theory and becomes the daily reality of families.

The main lesson of the current situation is that economic policies cannot be designed solely from macroeconomic indicators. They must also understand how people react, how their memories influence them, how expectations are formed, and how confidence strengthens or weakens any public measure. Credibility, transparent communication, and institutional stability are not complementary elements; they are part of economic policy itself.

Governing the economy also means understanding human behavior. Governments manage policies, central banks manage instruments, and economists manage models. But it is citizens who, through the decisions they make every day, ultimately determine the real outcome of an economic policy.

Economies can recover through good policies. Countries are rebuilt only when their citizens trust again. Because the true wealth of a nation is not only its currency, its reserves, or its natural resources. It is the confidence with which its people choose to build tomorrow. That is where economic stability begins. And that is where the construction of a country begins as well.

The author is a political and economic analyst and former Rector of UMSA.

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