By Marco Mendoza, La Razon:

The reason is the same as always: high mercury contamination that affects health

Las dragas contaminan los ríos/Trib. Agroambiental

The dredges pollute the rivers / Agro-Environmental Tribunal

Indigenous organizations in the department of Pando have issued an ultimatum until September 30, 2026, demanding the removal of all barges and dredges dedicated to gold mining along the Madre de Dios River.

“We must think about our children and future generations. We must leave them a dignified territory with a healthy environment,” said Lucio Ayala Siripi, president of the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory TIM II, emphasizing the importance of preserving lands and nature for those who will come after us.

His statement delivers a powerful message about the importance of preserving both a healthy environment and a healthy territory.

Unfortunately, over time, both have been severely affected by legal and illegal mining activities that contaminate rivers, territories, and the lives of people who have always lived in harmony with nature and the environment.

Against this increasingly complex backdrop, driven by the expansion of illegal mining across river basins nationwide, the Indigenous peoples of Pando have issued an ultimatum demanding the complete removal of barges and dredges used for gold mining throughout the entire course of the Madre de Dios River.

The reason is the same as always: high levels of mercury contamination affecting the health of Indigenous communities, wildlife, and their livelihoods.

In addition, communities belonging to the Tacana, Kabineño, Ese Ejja, Yaminawa, Machineri, and Pacahuara peoples, supported by the Indigenous Peoples’ Organization of Pando (CIPOAP) and the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory II (TIM II), announced the formation of community defense committees to protect their territories, water sources, food supplies, and, above all, their health.

“During an emergency assembly held in the Tacana Indigenous community of Trinidacito, it was decided to adopt these measures in defense of our territory and in response to the impacts of mining activities,” explained Javier Fernández, president of CIPOAP.

The Indigenous leader stated that several communities also decided to organize community defense committees to confront the advance of illegal mining.

“The communities’ concern is primarily focused on mercury and other heavy metal contamination affecting the waters of the Madre de Dios River and the resources upon which Indigenous families depend, such as fishing and access to clean water,” Fernández explained.

He also revealed that a study conducted in 2025 reportedly identified high mercury levels in hair samples taken from residents of Indigenous communities. The study also warned of contamination in food and fish consumed by Indigenous families, placing them in a highly vulnerable situation and directly affecting their traditional means of subsistence.

After analyzing the consequences of gold mining in their territories, CIPOAP decided to give mining companies, barge operators, and other mining workers until September 30 to remove their barges, dredges, machinery, and equipment from the banks of the Madre de Dios River and the associated Indigenous territories in Pando.

Community defense committees against illegal mining have been established in Loreto, Trinidacito, 2 de Agosto, 6 de Agosto, Sinaí, Portachuelo Alto, Portachuelo Medio, Portachuelo Bajo, Galilea, Exaltación, Santa Elena, and other riverside communities within the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory (TIM), as well as dispersed settlements.

Another measure adopted states that Indigenous community members currently employed by mining companies or engaged in mining activities must return to their communities of origin. The resolution warns that once the deadline expires, communities may adopt “direct action measures” against any barges or dredges that remain in place.

“As an organization, we have determined that once the deadline expires, we will proceed with the eviction of mining activities that contaminate our rivers and affect our livelihoods,” Fernández stated.

The Indigenous peoples’ complaints were reinforced by an aerial survey conducted in August over the Orthon and Madre de Dios rivers, which confirmed the expansion of gold mining activities in Pando.

“During the overflight, dozens of dredges and mining barges were identified, some apparently operating, although their legal status is unknown,” said departmental assembly member José Luis Suárez, who coordinated the survey with support from the Bolivian Air Force and the Bolivian Navy.

Suárez explained that the inspection was carried out after receiving reports of dredges allegedly operating without authorization on the Orthon River.

“During the inspection, seven vessels were observed in that sector. We need support from AJAM to carry out our oversight work in the department, because this is not only an environmental issue; it also concerns royalty revenues,” Suárez argued.

The assembly member also reported counting approximately five dredges on the Orthon River and at least 30 on the Madre de Dios River during the August survey, although it remains unclear whether they have the legal authorization to operate.

Enforcement Actions

According to a report from the Mining Administrative Jurisdiction Authority (AJAM), more than 50 enforcement operations have been carried out in municipalities across all nine departments, including remote areas, conflict zones, and locations where illegal mining activities had been reported.

AJAM conducted operations in La Paz, Potosí, Oruro, Chuquisaca, Tarija, Beni, Pando, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz.

The interventions included inspections and verification of mining activities operating outside legal regulations, suspensions, restoration of mining areas, prior consultation processes, and the activation of administrative and legal actions under the institution’s national authority.

According to AJAM’s January 2026 report, a significant portion of its efforts focused on the Bolivian Amazon. Along the Puerto Sena–Manuripi National Wildlife Reserve corridor in Pando, AJAM worked alongside prosecutors in an operation that led to the intervention of three dredges used in illegal alluvial gold extraction. One was handed over to the National Protected Areas Service (SERNAP), another was disabled, and a third was sunk in accordance with established protocols.

Similarly, three barges linked to unauthorized mining activities were seized and destroyed on the Toromonas River within Madidi National Park. In February, enforcement efforts expanded into Beni and La Paz.

In the Mandarinas sector of Cerro San Simón, in the municipality of Baures, AJAM and the Bolivian Navy dismantled an illegal mining camp where ten Brazilian nationals were identified alongside heavy machinery, fuel supplies, and infrastructure intended for alluvial gold extraction.

Despite these actions, Indigenous representatives believe that government measures remain insufficient compared to the scale of illegal mining. They are demanding stronger and more concrete actions to stop these activities, which threaten their livelihoods.

Warning Signs of Minamata Syndrome

Minamata syndrome, or Minamata disease, is a severe and permanent neurological disorder caused by methylmercury poisoning (organic mercury).

“Consumption of methylmercury through food causes severe neurological damage and also affects the development of the fetal nervous system during pregnancy,” explained Ruth Alípaz, co-founder of the National Coordinator for the Defense of Indigenous, Peasant, and Protected Territories of Bolivia (Contiocap).

However, the organization stressed that although there are signs suggesting the possible presence of the syndrome and clear risks, some actors continue to claim “without any scientific backing that the syndrome does not exist in the Amazon.”

Contiocap therefore called on the state to immediately apply the precautionary principle, initiate diagnosis and treatment for those who may be affected, and implement emergency contingency measures.

The organization also recalled that on March 14, 2022, it filed a formal complaint before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) regarding the seriousness of mercury contamination affecting Indigenous populations, an issue that at the time was largely unknown both nationally and internationally.

Having identified indications of the syndrome’s presence, and under the health-related principle that shifts the burden of proof, the next immediate step should be for the state to apply the precautionary principle and undertake urgent efforts for diagnosis, treatment, and contingency planning.

Alípaz also noted that the Bolivian state has ratified several binding international agreements, including ILO Convention 169, the Minamata Convention aimed at reducing and ultimately eliminating mercury use in gold extraction, and the Escazú Agreement on access to environmental information.

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