Bolivia in Crisis: The Urgent Transition Toward Energy Security | Bolivia ante la crisis: La urgente transición hacia la seguridad energética

By Francesco Zaratti:

La Paz, July 26, 2026 – In today’s public debate, the concepts of “energy sovereignty” and “energy security” are often confused. While sovereignty is commonly understood as absolute and unrealistic self-sufficiency, energy security represents the real and strategic capacity of a State to guarantee the continuous supply of energy that its economy requires.

The Myth of Absolute Sovereignty vs. the Reality of Security

Historically, Bolivia has been identified as a natural gas-producing country. However, since the beginning of this century, the country’s inability to produce diesel in sufficient volumes has shattered the aspiration of full energy sovereignty.

Nevertheless, it is important to clarify that, in the global economy, no country—not even major oil producers—is completely self-sufficient. Imports are a legitimate strategic tool for preserving domestic reserves or optimizing regional logistics costs. The true measure of a nation’s success is energy security: having the logistics and foreign currency resources necessary to ensure that fuel supply never becomes a bottleneck. Countries such as Chile, with limited hydrocarbon resources, demonstrate that efficient management of imports and logistics can shield an economy from shortages.

The Diagnosis

Bolivia is currently facing a severe crisis, evidenced by disruptions in fuel supply and long lines at service stations. This situation, in which the country imports nearly 90% of the diesel it consumes, is the result of the failed model of the past 20 years, characterized by six critical factors:

  1. Production decline: Inadequate energy policies over the past two decades have caused a systematic reduction in hydrocarbon reserves and production.
  2. Foreign currency crisis: A shortage of U.S. dollars prevents the timely purchase of fuels on international markets.
  3. Exchange-rate instability: The lack of financial certainty disrupts the essential cycle of fuel importation and commercialization.
  4. Inefficient logistics: Extreme dependence on tanker-truck transportation, a slow and costly model that no longer meets current needs.
  5. Subsidy distortions: The system of artificially low prices not only encourages fuel smuggling to neighboring countries but also discourages investment in renewable energy.
  6. Institutional weakness: The lack of oversight and quality certification in fuel imports has compromised both vehicle fleet efficiency and the integrity of fuel supply.

Toward a New Horizon

Overcoming this crisis does not allow for immediate or populist solutions; it requires a long-term process built on two fundamental pillars:

• In hydrocarbons: It is imperative to reactivate exploration and production through the attraction of private risk capital. This requires a profound regulatory reform that restores legal certainty and investor confidence, as well as a comprehensive alignment of prices with actual costs.

• In the electricity sector: Bolivia must move away from its dependence on natural gas—whose reserves are in clear decline—and toward a diversified model. It is essential to implement a National Energy Transition Plan that establishes clear investment targets, identifies key stakeholders, and defines timelines for harnessing the country’s vast renewable energy potential: hydropower, solar, wind, biomass, and geothermal energy.

Bolivia’s energy future depends on our ability to abandon outdated dogmas, modernize institutions, and embrace a comprehensive, efficient, and sustainable energy security strategy.

Regards and good health, Francesco

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