Critical Minerals, Bolivia’s Opportunity | Minerales críticos, la oportunidad de Bolivia

By César del Castillo, El Deber:

Critical Minerals Could Reposition Bolivia in Global Geopolitics

Minerales críticos pueden reposicionar a Bolivia en la geopolítica mundial

Bolivia possesses a range of critical minerals, the exploitation of which requires investment and cutting-edge technology./Illustration: Óscar Parada

The 21st-century economy needs critical minerals. Bolivia possesses several of them, but the challenge is only beginning.

A tourist walks through the historic streets of San José de Chiquitos, photographing the stone façade of a centuries-old mission church with a smartphone. Later, the traveler continues the journey in an electric vehicle and eventually uses medication to treat a minor cut.

None of these actions seems remarkable. Yet each depends on a group of resources that are quietly reshaping the global economy: critical minerals.

The smartphone screen contains indium. The electric vehicle relies on rare-earth elements such as neodymium. The medicine may contain bismuth. These minerals are largely unknown to the public, but they are essential components of the technologies driving the energy transition, artificial intelligence, advanced manufacturing, and modern healthcare.

According to the International Energy Agency’s Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025, critical minerals have evolved from industrial commodities into strategic assets linked directly to economic competitiveness, energy security, and geopolitical influence. The race for leadership in the twenty-first century is increasingly being fought beneath the ground.

No country understood this transformation earlier than China. While much of the world continued to view minerals as simple raw materials, Beijing invested heavily in exploration, refining capacity, technology development, and supply-chain control. The result, according to the IEA, is a dominant position in global mineral processing that has prompted the United States, the European Union, Japan, and other industrial powers to seek alternative sources and reduce dependence on Chinese supply chains.

The transition to a low-carbon economy requires far more than lithium alone. Graphite forms the overwhelming majority of lithium-ion battery anodes. Copper is indispensable for power grids, electric vehicles, and renewable-energy infrastructure. Rare earths are essential for advanced motors and electronics. Demand for many of these materials is expected to rise significantly over the coming decades.

Bolivia possesses a remarkable share of this mineral wealth.

More Than Lithium

International attention has largely focused on Bolivia’s vast lithium resources, but the country’s geological potential extends well beyond the salt flats.

Bolivia also holds significant deposits of antimony, tungsten, tin, indium, bismuth, rare earth elements, and other minerals increasingly classified as strategic. Geologist and former Mining Minister Héctor Córdova argues that the resources themselves are not new.

“Bolivia always had these minerals,” he notes. “What has changed is the value the world assigns to them.”

A recent study by Fundación Jubileo, Critical Metals: Opportunity for Bolivia or an Extension of the Resource Curse?, reaches a similar conclusion. The report argues that Bolivia faces an extraordinary opportunity but warns that natural resources alone do not guarantee prosperity. Without exploration, geological knowledge, investment, and long-term policies, the country risks repeating the pattern of previous commodity booms that generated wealth without producing lasting development.

The study highlights the potential of antimony, tungsten, bismuth, indium, copper, tin, zinc, cobalt, magnesium, lithium, and rare earth elements. Córdova points out that at least 18 of the 34 minerals classified as critical by the United States are present in Bolivia, and several are already being produced, albeit on a relatively small scale.

Former Mining Minister Dionisio Garzón agrees that Bolivia’s geological potential is substantial. Yet he argues that turning that potential into economic advantage requires far more than identifying new deposits. The country must attract investment, expand exploration efforts, improve geological information, and integrate itself into global value chains.

A Persistent Paradox

Perhaps nowhere is Bolivia’s challenge more visible than in Telamayu, home to South America’s only bismuth smelter.

At a time when demand for bismuth is increasing because of its applications in medicine, electronics, and industry, the facility operates at only a fraction of its capacity. Decades ago, ore from the Tasna mining district supplied the plant, which processed hundreds of tons of concentrate each month. As mining priorities shifted toward tungsten, tin, and gold, the supply of bismuth declined and the smelter gradually fell into underuse.

The infrastructure remains in place, but the opportunity has largely been left untapped.

The same pattern can be observed in Bolivia’s zinc industry. Each year, approximately 1.5 million metric tons of zinc concentrates are exported to smelters abroad. Hidden within those shipments are small quantities of highly valuable minerals such as indium.

According to Córdova, international buyers routinely ask about the indium content of Bolivian concentrates because it affects the value of the material. Yet Bolivia typically receives little or no compensation for the metal itself.

The real profits are generated elsewhere. Once the concentrates reach processing facilities in countries such as South Korea, Belgium, or the Netherlands, indium is separated, refined, and sold as a high-value product.

Garzón notes that indium is not the only missed opportunity. Zinc concentrates also contain traces of cadmium, germanium, selenium, and other minerals that can be recovered and commercialized. Bolivia lacks the industrial capacity to extract many of these materials, while other countries have built entire industries around them.

As a result, Bolivia exports not only raw materials but also much of the value that is created when technology, expertise, and processing capacity are added to those materials.

A Strategic Choice

The International Energy Agency expects global demand for critical minerals to continue growing as economies electrify and advanced technologies become more widespread. Bolivia remains well positioned to benefit from that trend.

The question is no longer whether the country possesses the necessary resources. It does.

The challenge is whether Bolivia can move beyond the traditional role of raw-material supplier and capture a greater share of the value generated by those resources.

The tourist traveling through Bolivia may never realize that the smartphone, electric vehicle, and medicine carried along the journey all depend on minerals found beneath Bolivian soil. Yet for Bolivia itself, the implications are clear.

The country faces a strategic choice: continue exporting commodities, or begin exporting the knowledge, technology, and industrial value that the global economy increasingly demands.

Minerales críticos pueden reposicionar a Bolivia en la geopolítica mundial

The Telamayu plant today operates at minimum capacity./Photo: Comibol

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