State Policy or Government Policy? | ¿política de Estado o política de Gobierno?

By Windsor Hernani, El Deber:

Foreign Policy Guidelines: State Policy or Government Policy?

Eight months have passed since President Rodrigo Paz took office, and only this week did the Foreign Ministry present its “Foreign Policy Guidelines.” What was presented deserves analysis. In this column, I will focus first on some issues of form; I will address the content later.

One aspect that immediately draws attention is the nature and origin of the document. What has been presented consists of the guidelines that, in the view of the current administration, should guide the conduct of foreign policy.

Precisely for that reason, since it is a government policy rather than a state policy, its validity will depend on the tenure of the current authorities. Consequently, as has become customary in Bolivia, it will end with the next change of administration—or even sooner, if the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs changes. Some foreign ministers assume office convinced that they alone possess the magic formula for foreign policy.

In countries with strong institutions, this does not happen. Foreign policy is such a strategic function that its design does not arise solely from the will of the government of the day. It is built through a broad process of expert deliberation aimed at identifying the permanent interests of the state that can survive political transitions.

That process includes representatives of subnational governments, academia, the business sector, civil society organizations, and the various political forces. Only in this way can consensus-based strategic objectives be defined—objectives that transcend a single constitutional term and provide long-term continuity to a country’s international actions.

Moreover, many foreign ministries maintain advisory councils made up of former foreign ministers. This is not merely a courtesy; it is a strategic decision. Many of the most delicate episodes in international relations never appear in administrative records because they take place in private meetings among senior officials. Experience, institutional memory, and accumulated knowledge are themselves strategic assets of the state and should be taken into account.

In Bolivia’s case, the former Foreign Service Law No. 1444 prudently provided for an advisory council of experts. Later, Law No. 465 eliminated that collegial body. Nevertheless, under the legal principle that what is not prohibited is permitted, nothing would prevent the restoration of a consultative body—assuming, of course, that one believes two heads are better than one.

Although the Constitution assigns responsibility for directing foreign policy to the President, true statesmen understand that its formulation, updating, and adaptation to changes in the international environment should emerge from a broad process of expert deliberation.

After two hundred years of republican life and two decades of misguided MAS-era diplomacy, Bolivia deserved a genuine state foreign policy, not merely a government foreign policy. That, at least, was my expectation. Unfortunately, it did not happen. President Paz, however, still has time to promote such a process.

There is another aspect that deserves attention. During the presentation, the impression was created that the current administration represents a kind of Big Bang in Bolivian foreign policy. Such a view overlooks the richness of our diplomatic history. Bolivian diplomacy did not begin twenty years ago, nor was it exhausted by the period of the so-called “diplomacy of the peoples.”

There were complex negotiations, moments of remarkable diplomatic creativity, and professionals who, despite the limitations of a small state with scarce resources, defended national interests intelligently and achieved significant results for Bolivia.

It is important to remember that, in international relations, governments are merely one link in a chain called the state. Therefore, no foreign policy can be built on the denial of the past. Both the successes and the mistakes inherited from previous administrations must be assessed with sound judgment and a sense of historical continuity.

For example, all the trade agreements negotiated during the 1990s, such as those of the Andean Community, continue to regulate Bolivian foreign trade. Likewise, Bolivia’s commitment to full membership in MERCOSUR will shape the country’s economic relations for years to come.

Since there has so far been only a presentation and not a deliberative process, it would be desirable for the Senate or Chamber of Deputies committee on international policy to convene a session to discuss the guidelines. After all, the Legislative Assembly has the authority to ratify treaties, which gives it the capacity to influence and validate foreign policy (Article 158 of the Constitution), as well as to exercise oversight. Chile, for example, follows this practice.

Finally, it is worth recalling an essential quality of a good diplomat: the ability to build consensus. That same virtue should have been applied in the design of foreign policy.

Diplomacy is not about imposing but persuading; not about disqualifying but incorporating; not about closing spaces but expanding them. An effective diplomat understands that even critical voices can become allies when they are heard with respect. The true strength of a foreign ministry does not lie in the belief that it alone possesses absolute truth, but in its capacity to integrate different perspectives around a common objective: the defense of the national interest.

Hopefully these guidelines are not the final chapter of the discussion—especially since they are still preliminary—but rather the beginning of a broader conversation about the place Bolivia wants to occupy in the world.

A state foreign policy is not imposed; it is built. And the more participatory and plural that process is, the greater its legitimacy, stability, and usefulness for future generations.

(*) Windsor Hernani Limarino is an economist, university professor, and career diplomat.

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